Nursing Shortage Provokes Nurse Burnout, Low Quality of Care and High Prone to Medical Errors Free Essay Example, 3250 words

Low job satisfaction often prompts the nurses to leave the profession in favour of more satisfactory and less stressful professions. As these new nurses leave the nursing profession, the nursing shortage is exacerbated and more work is assigned to fewer nurses. And so we see a vicious cycle in the nursing profession. A report from the Canadian Federation of Nurses Union (CFNU) set forth that poor working condition is one of the main causes of nurse burnout and stress. This poor working condition is also caused by tight hospital budgets (Fagin, et. al., 2006). The limited budget of hospitals often prompts administrators to cut or limit allocations for hospital needs and even hospital services. Consequently, the hospitals end up being poorly maintained, poorly equipped, and staff there poorly compensated. Moreover, older and more experienced nurses often do not have adequate time to train new nurses; and when they do have the time, the hospital cannot compensate them for the add itional services for such services. As a result, new nurses often end up being poorly trained and thereby unable to cope with the challenges of the nursing profession. Laschinger (as quoted by Fagin, 2006) notes that short-staffing means few hospitals can spare experienced nurses to mentor new ones, and as a result new nurses are confronting full hospital patient loads one week out of school . In actual practice, because of limited nurses available to cope with patient numbers, patients are often discharged quickly or as soon as they are able to exhibit a semblance of independence in their daily functions. There is a dangerous risk associated with early patient discharge, one which may or may not manifest in some patients. These risks may range from infection to insufficient patient education and even to medical errors. The haste that seems to accompany patient care and discharge may further endanger the patient s life because of the compromised quality of patient care. We wi ll write a custom essay sample on Nursing Shortage Provokes Nurse Burnout, Low Quality of Care and High Prone to Medical Errors or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now

We See Them Everywhere. You Most Likely Took A Ride In

We see them everywhere. You most likely took a ride in one before even being out of the womb. A transporting vehicle, more specifically, a person automobile is one of the most accessible items in the world. Your parents use them to get to work. Extra big vehicles load and bring your groceries to the local market. If you do not have one, there are services where taxis can take you to reach your destination. The usage of vehicles can be unlimited! Vehicles transportation has revolutionized literally the whole world, but with success, failure follows. Once cars started getting into the hands of the everyday people, cars became coffins. The first internal combustion vehicle was made by a French inventor and politician†¦show more content†¦Many car designers changed the look Marcus’ vehicle, but the major change was done by Emile Levassor, moving the engine to the front of the vehicle with rear wheel drive. This enhanced the vehicles balance and improved steering which con structed the stereotypical build of today’s cars. With the gasoline powered engine outselling all other sorts of motor vehicle, the market blew up so manufactures had to accustom to the need. Many entrepreneurs hopped on the opportunity and started making cars, assembling them piece by piece, and one car at a time resulting in making one hundred vehicles per year. The first vehicle to be mass produced in the U.S. was the 1901 Curved Dash Oldsmobile built by American Ransome Eli Olds. Olds was the inventor of the basic concept of the assembly line. He moved to Detroit and started the Olds Motor Works with the dream of producing low priced cars. For the year of 1901, he was able to produce four hundred twenty five â€Å"curved Dash Olds† and was leading America’s auto manufacturer for the next 3 years. It was not until 1903 when Henry Ford formed the Ford Motor Company, revolutionizing the whole industry. ‘Around 1913, he installed the first conveyor belt based assembly line in his Michigan plant in Ford’s Highland Park. Reducing assembly time, the cost was greatly reduced. After all his factories were upgraded with the assembly line, Ford became the world’s largest carShow MoreRelatedPeople With Mental Illnesses Should Not Have / Own Guns1241 Words   |  5 Pagesmental health conditions disorders that affect your mood, thinking, and behavior. Examples like Autism, Anxiety Issues, and many more that affect them. It is so easy for anyone to get guns. About over 300 million have been made and sold to people in 2012, so there is a large supply of them. (My Turn: Should People with Mental Illnesses Own Guns?†, 2015). You can easily get one by just bribing a stranger or from a family member so it’s very easy to get one. There should be stricter gun control laws forRead MoreCulture As Common Practices And Knowledge1821 Words   |  8 Pagesheld by a group of people in a fixed area. Most areas have their own individual culture, but they can connect to each other in some way. Learning about a different culture is something I did with my own experiences. Having done this, I see culture as civilizations having their own look on life individually. With culture being practices and knowledge held by groups in certain areas, I have witnessed this in person. In the summer of 2015, I had the most amazing opportunity of my life so far to comeRead MoreThe Importance of Professionalism in The Marines Essay1112 Words   |  5 Pagesprofessionalism? First, we must answer another question. What is professionalism? Professionalism is most commonly describe as acting like a professional. A professional is defined characterized by or conforming to the technical or ethical standards of a profession : exhibiting a courteous, conscientious, and generally businesslike manner in the workplace.[merriam-webster.com] So, this brings me back to the importance of professionalism. It is important to be professional in the work place so you do not standRead MoreDescriptive Essay On Fear1809 Words   |  8 PagesAn unpleasant emotion or feeling caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat : Fear. Fear is a strong word, it can mean a variety of things and lead to a variety of things depending on who you are. My fear caused me to shake and tremble as if the world was coming to an end. It makes me feel safe around no one. I look back on my life and ask myself, was it all worth it for this? It makes me shrink and fall the size of of a humming bird. My stomachRead MoreAndra Case Study1361 Words   |  5 Pagesimprove her own treatment. She listened to the complaints of others and went on to do something about it. We will discuss the listening aspect in more detail, but here we will hint upon the motivation and drive that Andra had. A significant competency of a good manager is the ability to demonstrate efficacy and pro activeness. If the manage himself is not motivated, the employees are likely to deviate as well. (Jensen Murphy, 1990) In other words, a manager should be able to meet the objectivesRead MoreEssay On American Dream1438 Words   |  6 Pages Matthew Clarke English 160 25 September 2017 We live in a country in which people believe that the American Dream exists. I do not think there is an American Dream that is obtainable in America, or that even exists. You might ask, Why not? Well, America is called the freedom land or whatever people want to call it. People immigrate to America to fulfill what they couldn t in their country, but when they get here and they see it, it is not what they had imagined. I believe that evenRead MoreA Summary Of The Story-A Story?1430 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough. Oh, its you! he called out, bracing himself against the wind as he held the door open for Elyan to come in. Elyan staggered through the doorway and helped the old man close the door. Aye, Bert, its me, he panted. Bert cackled, his lined face splitting nearly in two as he grinned and moved to help Elyan peel his cloak off. I alf thought youd fallen off the wall and into the water, long as you were gone. I was dreadin having to tell Sir Leon the waves ate you up. Well, weveRead MoreSummary : The Blonde 1757 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Commander†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Akasa, your second in command, knocks on your door. â€Å"Come in, Akasa.† She closes the door after her and walks up to you, giving you a small bow. â€Å"Can I ask you something?† You nod your head as you continue to braid your long hair. â€Å"Does he know what you’re leading tomorrow?† â€Å"No, he does not. And it will stay that way. He’ll only try to stop me and I will not let that happen. It’s been a long time coming and I’m not letting anyone stand in my way.† â€Å"We’re outnumbered, Commander. ThinkRead MoreMy Sister Candice And I Were Sitting At Silence2152 Words   |  9 Pagesand we talked the whole flight. He showed us some magic tricks and Candice tried to do one, but she failed to do so. When we landed in Omaha we said goodbye to our new friend and continued on our new adventures. We had to wait for our friend Savannah to come and pick us up at the airport and take us to the hotel where we were all staying. Savannah was working at the Olympic trials so she and her dad Chuck had came a week earlier to help out. Chuck is the CEO of USA swimming, which is why we got toRead MoreEssay on Sin City1990 Words   |  8 Pagesattractions to do and see. Vegas is made up of two distinct areas the â€Å"Strip,† and â€Å"Downtown.† The â€Å"Strip,† is considered the most famous four-mile stretch of highway in the nation. It contains most of the big name hotels and entertainment. Most of our time was spent on the Strip. Downtown is located on Fremont Street and was the first area to develop hotels and casinos. It has an old time Vegas feel to it. The streets are narrow and a balcony over head displays a must see light show. The light

A P A Study of Society’s Norms Free Essays

â€Å"I felt how hard the world was going to be for me hereafter,† Sammy mutters at the end of John Updike’s short story, â€Å"A P.† On the surface, Sammy is talking about the problems he will experience after telling his boss that he has quitted his job, but he is really referring to the beginning of his responsibility to defend people being judged for their appearances, and to stand up to authority when the rules limit people’s freedom and creativity. We will write a custom essay sample on A P: A Study of Society’s Norms or any similar topic only for you Order Now    He understands the difficulty of the mission he has given himself. The episode that changes Sammy’s life happens one day in an A P supermarket.   As a nineteen year old who mans one of the check-out registers at the supermarket, he observes three girls enter wearing only their bathing suits. This completely distracts him so that he cannot even remember if he has â€Å"rang up† the â€Å"Hiho crackers† (Updike) for one of the customers.   On the other hand, he can remember the details of the three girls’ appearances. He thinks less generously of the customer who bought the Hiho crackers, referring to her as someone who if â€Å"born at the right time they would have burned her over in Salem† (Updike). â€Å"You could see them, when Queenie’s white shoulders dawned on them, kind of jerk, or hop, or hiccup, but their eyes snapped back to their own baskets and on they pushed. I bet you could set off dynamite in an A P and the people would by and large keep reaching and checking oatmeal off their lists and muttering â€Å"Let me see, there was a third thing, began with A, asparagus, no, ah, yes, applesauce!† or whatever it is they do mutter. But there was no doubt, this jiggled them. A few house-slaves in pin curlers even looked around after pushing their carts past to make sure what they had seen was correct† (Updike). The above paragraph is the best portrayal of the girls’ effect on the supermarket’s patrons.   â€Å"Queenie,† as Sammy calls the prettiest of the three girls, has the most effect.   Comparing the arrival of the girls to an explosion signifies the impact, and also the rarity of girls, or anyone for that matter, ever coming into the supermarket in their swimsuits.   Most people follow the dress code implemented in the supermarket, or any other public place besides the beach.   The short story of one seemingly mundane occurrence at a supermarket speaks volumes about judging appearances. The girls are in the supermarket to buy â€Å"a jar of herring snacks† for â€Å"Queenie’s† mother and not to make any trouble, but the fact that they are wearing swimsuits have earned them a reprimand from the manager, Lengel.   Lengel who also â€Å"teaches Sunday school† and is â€Å"pretty dreary† according to Sammy, represents the people in society who make and follow rules and expect others to do the same.   He rigidly implements the rules in the A P he is managing to the point that after reprimanding the girls, he reminds Sammy about ringing up the girls’ purchase.   Every rule must be followed to the letter for people like Lengel (Updike). However, even before Lengel’s appearance in the short story, Sammy already observes the glances that the sheep, which is his term for the customers, give the girls.   The girls being in their swimwear has given the customers quite a shock.   Even Sammy and his married co-worker, Stokesie, have become very engrossed in watching the girls.   They may not condemn the girls like Lengel and the customers but their reaction also limits the free spirited choice of the girls to wear bathing suits to the supermarket.   Their behavior suggests that the act is clearly something that is out of the norm. Defending the girls has made Sammy a hero, but he must make it a crusade to continue the difficult task of making the more conservative people of society understand the value of â€Å"live and let live.†Ã‚   Being sidetracked from such a mission and bowing down to rules that he does not believe in will reduce his defense of the girls as an act of a boy with a crush and not an act of pure honor. Works Cited Updike, John. â€Å"A P.† 8 November 2007 http://www.tiger-town.com/whatnot/updike/.    How to cite A P: A Study of Society’s Norms, Papers

The Quakers and the American Revolution free essay sample

To support the war was to refute the King, to oppose the war was to deny ones homeland. For Pennsylvania Quakers (members of the Society of Friends), decisions about whether to support or oppose the war were further complicated by the inherent conflict between two deeply held beliefs: their pacifist principles and their desire to protect and support the colony founded by William Penn (Carroll, 1970). Before the American Revolution even occurred, the middle-starters of Pennsylvaniathe Quakerswere already In search of a place where they could be different and be, at least, consequentialness.By its very nature, the Quakers provided an environment where people who would otherwise have been misfits and malcontents could flourish and achieve a modicum of what would then certainly have been termed respectability (The American Revolution, 1990). Unlike the many Loyalists who eventually fled the civil war, most Pennsylvania Quakers remained In the colonies only to find themselves subjected to the wartime passions of both sides. Quakers In Pennsylvania and elsewhere Joined most colonists in opposing the British taxation policies of the sass and 1 sass.The Stamp Act of 1765 ND the Townsend Duties of 1767 occasioned protests, including strict boycotts of British goods. As the poet Hannah Griffith wrote, Quakers would Stand firmly resolved bid [English Minister George] Greenville to see/That rather than Freedom, well part with our Tea (Melee, 1979). Quakers on both sides of the Atlantic heralded the repeal of the Stamp Act and most of the Townsend duties. After these Minimal forays Into protest politics, however, Quakers became uneasy with the Patriots increasingly radical and sometimes violent responses to British actions.The radical Boston Tea Party followed the Tea Act of 1773 and quickly led to the formation of the First Continental Congress. This went too far according to the Quakers. The Quakers saw that the patriots Interest in reconciliation with the British was waning and their fears of Imminent warfare proved too quickly well founded by the outbreak of fighting at Lexington and Concord (Melee, 1979). First articulated during the English Civil War of the mid-seventeenth century, the Quaker Peace Testimony committed members of the Society of Friends to nonviolence.Believing that violence as a product of the kind of lusts of men . Out of which lusts the Lord hath redeemed us, Quaker founder George Fox declared in 1 684 that the Spirit of Christ will never move us to fight and war against any man. The Peace Testimony previously had caused Friends political trouble In Pennsylvania, especially during the Indian provocations on the colony frontier. Quakers in the Pennsylvania Assembly had resigned rather than accede to those demands.The Revolution thus not only raised anew concerns about Quakers potentially contradictory commitments to Pennsylvania and pacifism, b ut also intensified them (Meeker, 1979). For Quakers, finding a middle road would prove a frustrating task. At first they tried simply to advocate conciliatory measures. At home they published statements condemning all (English and American) breaches of law and the English constitution. In England they tried to broker reconciliation with the king. Ultimately, though, their efforts were to no avail.With the Revolution underway, in September of 1776 the largest organization of Quakers in Americathe Philadelphia Yearly Meetingformally directed its embers to observe strict neutrality. This meant that Quakers should not vote or take oaths of loyalty to support either side, should not engage in combat or pay for a substitute (a not uncommon practice in that era), and should not pay taxes to support the war effort. The responses of Quakers to these requirements varied. Probably the majority, torn by conflicting loyalties, sympathized with both sides.Many remained tacit Loyalists, supporting without materially aiding the Kings army. Other Quakers renounced neutrality and actively sided with the Patriots. In Pennsylvania almost ,OHO Quakers were disowned during the course of the war, the large majority of them for taking up arms. One group even formed their own separate denomination, the Free Quakers or Fighting Quakers, whose leader Timothy Mattock served on political committees alongside such radicals as ex-Quaker Thomas Paine (Staunton, 1966).Largely because of this variety of positions, the perception among both Patriots and Loyalists was that Quakers could not be fully trusted. In the Delaware Valley, where for most of 1776 and 1777 first the British and then the Americans held sway, Quakers were punished by each side for their supposed allegiance to the other. While the Americans occupied Philadelphia, for example, Patriot mobs ransacked many Quakers homes. Then in September of 1777 the Patriots arrested twelve Quakers and exiled them to Winchester, Virginia, because of the potential threat they posed to the American position (Goodman, 1967).The harsh repercussions of perceived political loyalties made any position of moderation hard to maintain, and highly suspect. During the Revolution, Americans advocated a variety of different political views. While it is important to recognize the distinctions between the Patriot and Loyalist positions, it is also important to note that there were many people who sympathized with aspects of each position. While some families were torn apart, others found that their bonds of affection and mutual obligation were severe ly tried, but not broken, by conflicting political convictions. The popular understanding by Americans, including legal and political historians, concerning the American Revolution, undervalues the extent to which the pioneering of the Quakers, followed p by a centurys experience of the middle colonies, was indispensable to make that commitment possible. The generations of Quakers from 1682 to 1756 represent a longer stretch of time, in the face of unprecedented surprises and challenges, than most dynasties and most party regimes, in most orderly societies, have stayed in control.

Osmosis Essay Essay Example

Osmosis Essay Paper Osmosis is a form of passive transport, and a specialised form of diffusion. It is the movement of water from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one, through a semipermeable membrane. Hence it is where water moves from a high to a low concentration. I will design an experiment to test this process on a typical example of osmosis effect on plant cells, taking as the sample, potato. It is through osmosis and the fluctuating levels of water in the cell that the concentrations of minerals in the plant are regulated. Expt. 1 Last year, I conducted two experiments in which dialysis tubing was used to simulate the semipermeable membrane. In the first experiment a knot was tied in one end of a length of soaked dialysis tubing and a pipette was used to half fill it with a strong glucose solution. The air bubbles were expelled and a knot was tied in the other end. At this point the tubing was flaccid (limp). When it was then placed in a test-tube full of distilled water, it became turgid (firm). [See diag.1] Expt. 2 In the second experiment red-dyed sugar solution was placed in a bell-shaped piece of apparatus, with a capillary tube off it and a cellulose film over the bottom [See diag.2]. This was then placed in a beaker full of distilled water and left for half an hour, by which time the level of water in the beaker had gone down, and red dye had moved up the capillary tube. The water in the beaker had not turned red. The experiment was then repeated with a stronger solution. The volume of water in the beaker decreased further; the dye went further up the capillary tube. We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These two experiments clearly demonstrated that, while small water molecules pass through a semipermeable membrane, larger molecules (such as glucose) do not. This is why the water in the beaker did not turn red, while the red dye in the capillary tube did become paler. The second experiment also showed that the more concentrated the solution, the more water diffused in by osmosis. Expt. 3 More recently, I conducted an experiment investigating these processes in a real plant cell. An onion was cut up, and two small pieces of the epidermis (a single layer of cells) were peeled, cut and placed onto microscope slide. Onto one of them was pipetted a few drops of distilled water; onto the other was pipetted a few drops of 1 molar glucose solution. Cover slips were then placed onto the two pieces of onion epidermis. [see diag.3a]. These were then placed under the microscope, and their cells looked identical [see diag.3b]. Fifteen minutes later, however, a marked change had been observed. While the onion cells bathed in distilled water had become turgid [see diag.3c], those bathed in glucose had been plasmolysed [see diag.3d]. Plasmolysis occurs when water diffuses out of the cell vacuole, causing the cytoplasm to have a decreased volume, in turn causing the cell membrane to pull away from the cell wall. It only occurs when the cell is hypoosmotic relative to the bathing solution. That is to say that plasmolysis only occurs when the cells solute potential (?s) is lower and therefore water potential (?w) is higher than that of the bathing solution. The bathing solution is hypertonic: this means that there is a higher concentration of solute, and thus lower concentration of water, in the bathing solution than the cell. Totally dilute water has infinite water potential, and zero solute potential. In Expt.3, the water potential of the onion cells in the glucose solution was greater than that of the onion cells in the distilled water. So, because the onion cells in the glucose solution were hypoosmotic, they were plasmolysed. Whereas the onion cells in the distilled water were hyperosmotic (had higher solute, and therefore lower water, potential), so became turgid. In my investigation of osmosis in potato cells, I hope to be able to determine the water potential of the cells. I will do this by finding the isotonic (equal solute, and therefore water potential) bathing solution. Key Variables I will be testing a total of 5 bathing solutions (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mol glucose solutions distilled water). I will require 10 potato pieces (two for each solution). As they will be cut from a slice of potato 1 cm tall, the height is already constant. I must also ensure that the breadth of each piece is constant: 1cm. It is vital that the breadth and height are constant so that it is possible to measure any change in length. Of course, in order to measure the change, it will be necessary to ensure that the initial lengths are constant, and to ensure that I measure the same sides at the beginning as the end. To do this, I will take a tiny segment out of one side (I will measure the other). The initial lengths will be 2.5 cm. Obviously, it is hoped that the potato will have an even density, but in case it does not, the individual masses will be measured beforehand as well as afterwards. Through the use of such a precise piece of apparatus, I hope to be more accurate in my final readings. Also, this way the comparison between increase/ decrease in the lengths of potato pieces may be reinforced by a comparison between the increase/ decrease in their masses. So the readings will not only be more accurate, but also more reliable. The initial volumes of the bathing solutions must be constant, in order to better compare any changes in volumes. The initial volumes will be 20ml. The amount of time during which the potato pieces are left in their bathing solutions must be constant. The time set will be 30 minutes. The only variable left is the strength of the bathing solution. These are: 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mol glucose solutions distilled water. I am using these solutions because I want to show some potato cells become turgid and be plasmolysed: and I will need this sort of range to do so, because potato has a lower water potential than onion (and will therefore need a stronger solution than that used in Expt.3). Aim To discover the water potential of the average potato cell in terms of the relative isotonic bathing solution. Hypothesis As demonstrated in the three experiments in the Introduction, osmosis determines that water travels from high to low concentration over a selectively permeable membrane. In the planned experiment, when the bathing solution is hypertonic (lower water potential, higher solute potential) relative to the potato cell, water will flow out of the vacuole into the bathing solution (plasmolysis, Expt.3). This will cause the potato cells to become flaccid, shrinking and losing weight. The potato pieces that lose mass, and decrease in length will be the ones with high water potential, relative to the bathing solution. I think this will happen in the distilled water, because completely distilled water has infinite water potential. When the bathing solution is hypotonic (higher water potential, lower solute potential) relative to the potato cell, the cell will become turgid because water will flow from the bathing solution into the vacuole. The potato pieces that increase in length and gain mass will be the ones with low water potential, relative to the bathing solution. I predict this for the strong glucose solutions (0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mol), because I have seen from experiments 12 that strong glucose solutions have low water potential. When the bathing solution is isotonic (equal water potential, equal solute potential) relative to the potato cell, the cell will not change. The potato pieces that neither increase nor decrease in length and neither lose nor gain mass will be the ones with the same water potential, relative to the bathing solution. I believe this will occur in the weakest glucose solution (0.2mol) because, although a 0.1mol solution plasmolysed the onions in Expt.3, potatoes have a lower water content than onions (85% as opposed to 89%), meaning that they will also have a lower water potential. I am therefore predicting that the water potential of the average potato cell is equal to that of a low strength glucose solution. I say this because I know that, in distilled water, the cells become turgid; and in strong glucose solutions, the cells plasmolyse. Apparatus slab of potato 1cm thick, scalpel, white tile, solutions (0.3, 0.6, 0.9 mol glucose), distilled water, 5 boiling tubes, clock, ruler (mm), electric balance (to 0.01g), and a measuring cylinder, forceps, boiling tube rack, paper towels. Planned Method First I will cut out the 10 potato pieces (10x10x25mm) on the white tile with the scalpel, taking a chunk out of one side [see diag. 4a]. Then I will measure their masses on the electric balance. Then I will measure out the volumes of the bathing solutions (20ml each) in a measuring cylinder (the measuring cylinder will be dried after each measure) [see diag. 4b]. Then I will pour the bathing solutions into the 5 boiling tubes, which I will have labelled, and two potato pieces will be placed into each boiling tube and the timer started [see diag. 4c]. 30 minutes later, I will remove the 10 potato pieces, rinse (briefly) and dry them, and measure their lengths and masses. These will then be recorded. Then the volumes of the bathing solutions will be recorded (again, the measuring cylinder will be dried after each measure). Diagrams Safety Precautions As with all substances in a science laboratory, it is vital that I do not taste the potato, the solutions or the distilled water. I must not touch my face or licking my fingers before washing my hands, but I should attempt to avoid getting the liquids if possible, as it risks contaminating our results. Evidently, care must also be taken with the scalpel in the cutting of the potato, as it is a sharp instrument.

Bjp Partyof India Essay Example

Bjp Partyof India Essay Example Bjp Partyof India Essay Bjp Partyof India Essay BJP redirects here. For other uses, see  BJP (disambiguation). Bharatiya Janata Party| | Chairperson| Rajnath Singh| Parliamentary Chairperson| L. K. Advani| Leader in Lok  Sabha| Sushma Swaraj (Leader of Opposition)| Leader in Rajya  Sabha| Arun Jaitley (Leader of Opposition)| Founded| December 1980| Preceded  by| Bharatiya Jana Sangh| Headquarters| 11 Ashoka Road, New Delhi, 110001| Newspaper| Kamal Sandesh| Youth wing| Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha|Womens wing| BJP Mahila Morcha| Peasants  wing| Bharatiya Kisan Sangh| Ideology| Integral humanism[1][2](official) Hindu nationalism[3][4] (Hindutva)  [1] Social conservatism[5]| Political position| Right-wing[6][7][8]| Colours| Saffron  ? | ECI  Status| National Party[9]| Alliance| National Democratic Alliance  (NDA)| Seats in Lok  Sabha| 116  /  545| Seats in Rajya  Sabha| 49  /  245| Election symbol| | Website| www. bjp. org| Politics of India Political parties Elections| | This article is part of a serie s aboutBharatiya Janata Party| Joe Biden| * Bharatiya Jana Sangh   * History of the BJP * Organisation of the BJP * Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha * Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh * Bharatiya Kisan Sangh   * BJP Mahila Morcha * BJP Minority Morcha * List of MP in the 14th Lok Sabha| Part of a series on| Hindu politics| | Concepts[show]| Early advocates[show]| Political leaders[show]| Major political parties[show]| Authors on Hindu politics[show]| * Hinduism * India * Government of India| * v   * t   * e|The  Bharatiya Janata Party  (  pronunciation  (help ·info);;  translation:  Indian Peoples Party; abbreviated  BJP) is the smaller of the two  major partiesin  the Indian political system, the other being the  Indian National Congress. Established in 1980, it is Indias second largest political party in terms of representation in the  parliament  and in the various state assemblies. The Bharatiya Janata Party designates its official ideology and central philo sophy to be integral humanism,[1][2]  based upon a 1965 book byDeendayal Upadhyaya. 10][11]  The party is labelled as Hindu nationalist,[12]  and advocates  social conservatism, self-reliance as outlined by theSwadeshi movement,[13]  and a foreign policy centred around key nationalist principles. The  partys platform  is generally considered as the  right-wing  of the Indian political spectrum. [14][15][16][17] The BJP led the national government along with a coalition of parties of the  NDA  from 1998 to 2004, with  Atal Bihari Vajpayee  as  Prime Minister, thus making it the first non-Congress  government to last a full term in office.Since its election defeat in the 2004 general elections, the BJP has been principal amongst the opposition parties in parliament. Contents [hide] * 1  History * 1. 1  Bharatiya Jana Sangh (1951-1980) * 1. 2  Bharatiya Janata Party (1980-) * 2  Bharatiya Janata Party in general election * 3  Ideology and politic al positions * 3. 1  Hindutva * 3. 2  Economic policies * 3. 3  Defence and terrorism * 3. 4  Foreign policy * 4  Party structure * 5  BJP in various states * 5. 1  List of current NDA Chief Ministers * 6  List of presidents of the party * 7  Controversies and criticism * 7.   Tehelka fake arms deal * 7. 2  Liberhan Commission findings * 7. 3  Use of Black Money in Election * 8  References * 9  External links History[edit source  |  editbeta] Main article:  History of the Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Jana Sangh (1951-1980)[edit source  |  editbeta] The  Bharatiya Jana Sangh  (BJS) was founded by Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee  in 1951 to support the  Hindu nationalist cause. The party opposed the appeasement policy of the  Indian National Congress[citation needed]  and was against any compromise in the matters of national and cultural integrity, unity and identity.It was widely regarded as the political arm of the  Rashtriya Swayam sevak Sangh. [18] After Mookerjees untimely death in prison in 1953, during an agitation demanding the effective integration of  Jammu and Kashmir  into India, the entire burden of nurturing the orphaned organisation and building it up as a nation-wide movement fell on the young shoulders of  Deendayal Upadhyaya. For 15 years, he remained the outfits general secretary and built it up. He raised a band of dedicated workers imbued with idealism and provided the entire ideological framework of the party.He groomed future political leaders like  Vajpayee,  Advani  and others. However, the vast majority of the party workers, including Upadhyaya himself were derived from the  Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh  (RSS) and brought with them the patriotic fervour and discipline of the parent organisation. [18] The  Jana Sangh  won just three  Lok Sabha  seats in the first general elections in 1952. However, it gradually increased its strength and by 1962 had become one of th e most effective opposition parties in India and seriously challenged the power of the Congress in various north Indian states.Enforcing a  uniform civil code  for all Indians, Barring the killing (and eating) of cows, abolishing the special statues accorded to J;amp;K and majorly promoting usage of the  Hindi language  were some of the pivotal ideological key points of the party[citation needed]. After 1967, The party entered into coalition with  political organisations  of similar ideologies and political positions and formed governments in various states such as  Uttar Pradesh,  Delhi  and others.The party was a major part of the political agitation against the emergency (1975–77) imposed by theIndira Gandhi  regime and thousands of its leaders and workers were reportedly imprisoned across India. The party along with many other political parties merged with the  Janata Party  in 1977 to present a united opposition to the Congress. The Janata Party w on with a huge majority in 1977 and formed the government with  Morarji Desai  as prime minister. Atal Bihari Vajpayee, who had become the leader of the  Jana Sangh  after Upadhyayas death in 1967, was appointed as the external affairs minister in the new government.The Janata government did not last long, though. Morarji Desai resigned as prime minister, and the Janata party was consequently dissolved. The BJS had devoted all its political efforts to sustain the coalition and was left exhausted by the internecine wars within the Janata Party. Bharatiya Janata Party (1980-)[edit source  |  editbeta] In 1980, the leaders and workers of the former Bharatiya Jana Sangh, founded the Bharatiya Janata Party with Vajpayee as its first president. The BJP eavily criticised the Congress government and its policies, and while it opposed the Sikh militancy that was rising in the state of  Punjab, it also blamed Indira Gandhi for biassed and corrupt politics that instigated the mil itancy at national expense. Sikh Leader Darasingh opines that Vajpayee thus brought in Hindu-Sikh harmony. [19] The BJP was a major opponent of  Operation Blue Star. The party was amongst those who strongly disliked and openly protested the violence againstSikhs  in  Delhi  that broke out in 1984, following the assassination of prime minister  Indira Gandhi  by one of her Sikh bodyguards.The BJP was left with only two parliamentary seats in the 1984 elections; the party, however, had established itself in the mainstream of Indian politics, and soon began widening its structure and policies to attract young Indians throughout the nation. During this period, Vajpayee remained central within the party as its president and as the Leader of the Opposition in Parliament, but increasingly hard-line  Hindu nationalists  began to rise within the party and define its politics. Founders Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the first BJP  Prime Minister of India(1998–2004).The BJP bec ame the political voice of the  Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir Movement, which was led by activists of the  Vishwa Hindu Parishad  (VHP) and the RSS, and was advocating for the construction of a temple dedicated to  Lord Rama  in place of the  Babri mosque  in  Ayodhya. Many believed, and still do believe, that the site was the birthplace of the Lord, and that there was a temple long before the  Babri mosque  was built after the alleged demolition of the temple by Babar. They held that this qualified the site as one of the most sacred sites of  Hinduism, where a temple should be reconstructed.The party under its president  Lal Krishna Advani  invigorated the nation with various rath yatras and succeeded in creating a popular protest amongst Hindus. On 6 December 1992, hundreds of VHP and BJP activists broke down an orderly protest into a frenzied attack, and razed the mosque. Over the following weeks, waves of violence between Hindus and Muslims erupted all over th e country, killing over 1000 people. The VHP was banned by the government, and many BJP leaders, including L. K. Advani were arrested briefly for provoking the destruction.Although widely condemned by many across the country for playing politics with sensitive issues, the BJP won the support of millions of Hindus, as well as national prominence. Victory in assembly elections of  Delhi  in 1993 and  Gujarat  and  Maharashtra  in March 1995, and a good performance in the elections to the  Karnataka  assembly in December 1994, propelled the BJP to the centrestage. During the BJP session at Mumbai in November 1995, BJP president L. K. Advani declared that Vajpayee would be the Prime Minister of India if the BJP won the next parliamentary elections scheduled for May 1996.In that election, the BJP emerged as the single largest party in the Lok Sabha and Vajpayee became Prime minister. He, however had to resign within 13 days as the BJP was unable to obtain the required maj ority. In the Lok Sabha elections held in 1998 the  National Democratic Alliance  (NDA) obtained a  simple majority. This time, the BJP (NDA) had allied with the  All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam  (AIADMK) and the  Biju Janata Dal  besides its existing allies, the  Samata Party, the  Shiromani Akali Dal  and  Shiv Sena. Outside support was provided by the  Telugu Desam Party  (TDP).The NDA had a slim majority, and Vajpayee returned as prime minister after the 13-day stint in 1996. [20]But the coalition ruptured in May 1999 when the leader of AIADMK,  Jayalalitha, withdrew her support, and fresh elections were again held. On 13 October 1999, the BJP-led NDA riding on a wave of popularity, following victory in the Kargil war and major public support for Vajpayee, won 303 seats. The BJP alone had its highest ever tally of 183. Vajpayee became prime minister for the third time, and Advani became the deputy prime minister and  Home Minister. This NDA government lasted its full term of five years.Vajpayee and his economic team, led by Finance Minister  Yashwant Sinha  continued the policies initiated by the previous Congress government under  P. V. Narasimha Raoand  Manmohan Singh. The NDA government also facillatated major privatisations of previously nationalised government corporations, the implementation of  World Trade Organisation  guidelines,  airline deregulation,foreign investment  and ownership and allowed private companies such as  Mahindra World City  and  Reliance  to build  Special Economic Zones  where  property developers  could build new cities with high-standard infrastructure to manufacture and export products.The BJP and the NDA met with an unexpected defeat in the  2004 general elections, and failed to muster a parliamentary majority. Manmohan Singh of the  Congress Party  and  United Progressive Alliance  succeeded Vajpayee as prime minister. In May 2008, the BJP wo n the state elections in Karnataka. This was the first time that the party had won Assembly elections in any south Indian state. In the 2009 general elections, BJP again faced defeat and its strength in Lok Sabha reduced to 116 seats. The unexpected defeat of BJP is attributed to bad performance of the party in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand and Andhra Pradesh.

Chapter 1 Analysis of The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald

Chapter 1 - Analysis of great Gatsby Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald - This title is just a mere adjective or nickname for the protagonist of the story, which brings importance of expression in books. Fitzgerald has a quite distinctive expression in his writing - especially in this book. He played an important role in using irony and strong words and symbols to convey the ideology of the people of this age and the embodying of 'America's wonderful dream'. We must recognize that there are many similarities between Great Gatsby and its author F. Scott Fitzgerald. Most importantly, Great Gatsby was done in the 1920s, and Fitzgerald experienced this period. The 1920s was an important point in Fitzgerald 's life. It is just like the important link in this novel. But the period is not the only similarity between Fitzgerald and great Gatsby, but it is the one that can best form the story. The great Gatsby of Scott Fitzgerald was the decade of America's history known as a roaring twenties. Scott Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby reflects the life of the 1920s. Scott Fitzgerald's Great Gatsby popular party reflects the United States of the 1920s. Life Gatsby showed his excellent wealth by opening a magnificent party. - I. INTRODUCTION 1896, F. Scott Fitzgerald was born in St. Paul, Minnesota. After growing up in Minnesota, he began his career and married his favorite girl, Zelda. He published his first novel This Side of Heaven in 1920; the novel was a success, and Fitzgerald immediately soon became one of the most famous young writers of the time. F Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald published This Side of Paradise and became a celebrity after publishing The Great Gatsby (The Great). Gatsby) got a new peak in the stars. Fitzgerald reveals much about himself in great Gatsby as he gives his various aspects to different heroes in the novel. - Great Gatsby is one of the most famous books known to people. While pursuing an obsession of childhood, the story about the pursuit of integ ration into the society built for the rich may seem very simple, but this mystery is not behind the scenes, the writing itself is. The words used by F. Scott Fitzgerald are very tasty when selected, so people can not even imagine coincidence.