Diffusion and osmosis essays

Dissemination and assimilation articles 1. a) Bulk development is the general development of a liquid. The particles all move a similar way. Dissemination anyway is the arbitrary development of atoms which for the most part brings about a genuinely even circulation. In other words the development isn't ensured to move one way however the likelihood that it will move in the lower angle is more prominent. Assimilation is like dispersion however is separated by the layer's conduct. The cell layer allows water to move from higher to bring down fixations however, doesn't permit solutes do that. b) Water potential is the limit of water to move to a from a locale where there is high water potential to low water potential. This activity occurs without the effect of outside powers. When outside activities due happen and they give water a high possible vitality than the water will move to the locale where less potential vitality is. Hydrostatic weight is the compel required to stop water the development of water. This is a technique for estimation. The osmotic potential is the proportion of inclination of water to travel through a layer which contains a arrangement. This happens when a cell doesn't permit a hypertonic answer for leave the cell film. The cell starts to increment with water yet the cell film can not discharge the arrangement and in this manner the water potential inside the cell increments. This makes the water no longer enter the cell. c) Hypotonic is less solute to a specific measure of water. Hypertonic is more solute to a specific measure of water. Isotonic is the equivalent sum of solutes in two distinct arrangements. d) Endocytosis is the internal lump causes by approaching atoms. Exocytosis is the removing of a material outside a cell. e) Phagocytosis is where the cell gets strong issue. This is unique in relation to the pinocytosis where the cell gets fluid issue. These both are endocytic forms. Receptor-media... <!

Letter To Charles Darwin Essay Evolution Example For Students

Letter To Charles Darwin Essay Evolution Charles Darwin was conceived in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. He was the child of Robert Waring Darwin and his better half Susannah, and the grandson of the researcher Erasmus Darwin. His mom kicked the bucket when he was eight years of age, and he was raised by his sister. He was shown the works of art at Shrewsbury, at that point sent to Edinburgh to consider medication, which he abhorred. In the same way as other present day understudies Darwin just exceeded expectations in subjects that charmed him. In spite of the fact that his dad was a doctor, Darwin was uninterested in medication and he couldn't stand seeing medical procedure. He did in the end acquire a degree in religious philosophy from Cambridge University, despite the fact that religious philosophy was of minor enthusiasm to him moreover. What Darwin truly preferred to do was tramp over the slopes, watching plants and creatures, gathering new examples, examining their structures, and ordering his discoveries, guided by his cou sin William Darwin Fox, an entomologist. Darwins logical tendencies were energized by his plant science educator, John Stevens Henslow, who was instrumental, regardless of substantial fatherly resistance, in making sure about a spot for Darwin as a naturalist on the looking over endeavor of HMS Beagle to Patagonia.Under Captain Robert Fitzroy, Darwin visited Tenerife, the Cape Verde Island, Brazil, Montevideo, Buenos Aires, Chile, the Galapagos Islands, Tahiti, New Zealand, and Tasmania. In the Cape Verde Island Darwin contrived his hypothesis of coral reefs. Another critical stop on the outing was in the Galapagos Islands, it was here that Darwin discovered colossal populaces of tortoises and he found that various islands were home to essentially various kinds of tortoises. Darwin at that point found that on islands without tortoises, thorny pear prickly plant plants developed with their cushions and natural products spread out over the ground. On islands that had many tortoises, t he thorny pears developed significantly thick, tall trunks, bearing the cushions and organic products high over the compass of the extreme mouthed tortoises. During this five-year endeavor he acquired personal information on the fauna, greenery, and geography of numerous grounds, which prepared him for his later examinations. In 1836, Darwin came back to England after the 5 years with the undertaking, and by 1846 he had got one of the premier naturalists of his time, and he likewise distributed a few deals with the land and zoological revelations of his journey. He built up a fellowship with Sir Charles Lyell, became secretary of the Geological Society, a position which Darwin held for a long time. In 1839 Darwin wedded his cousin Emma Wedgwood. Yet, continually pestering Darwin was the issue of the starting point of the species. Darwin looked to demonstrate his optimal of development with straightforward models. The different types of pooches gave a striking case of what Darwin loo ked to demonstrate. Pooches slipped from wolves, and even today the two will promptly crossbreed. With uncommon exemptions, notwithstanding, barely any cutting edge hounds really take after wolves. A few varieties, for example, the Chihuahua and the Great Dane, are so not quite the same as each other that they would be viewed as isolated species in nature. On the off chance that people could cross variety such fundamentally various pooches in just two or three hundred years, Darwin contemplated that nature could create a similar range of living creatures given the a huge number of years that she had been allowed.From 1842 Darwin inhabited Down House, a nation courteous fellow among his nurseries, centers, pigeons, and fowls. The useful information he picked up there, particularly in variety and interbreeding demonstrated significant. At Down House Darwin tended to himself to the incredible work of his life, the issue of the beginning of species. Following five years of gathering the proof, Darwin started to guess regarding the matter. In 1842 he drew up his perceptions in some short notes, extended in 1844 into a sketch of ends for his own utilization. These ends were the guideline of characteristic determination, the germ of the Darwinian Theory, however with ordinary alert he deferred distribution of his speculation. Nonetheless, in 1858 Alfred Wallace sent Darwin a letter of his book, Malay Archipelago, which, to Darwins shock, contained the fundamental thoughts of his own hypothesis of characteristic choice. Lyell and Joseph Hooker convinced him to present his very own paper, in view of his 1844 sketch, which was perused simultaneou! wily with Wallaces before the Linnean Society in 1858. Neither Darwin nor Wallace was available on that noteworthy occasion.Darwin then set to work to consolidate his tremendous mass of notes, and put into shape his extraordinary work, The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle forever, distributed in 1859. This extraordinary work, got all through Europe with the most profound intrigue, was viciously assaulted on the grounds that it didn't concur with the record of creation given in the Book of Genesis. In any case, inevitably it prevailing with regards to acquiring acknowledgment from practically all biologists.Darwin, in spite of prevalent thinking, never said that people developed from gorillas. He said that all life started as an early stage soup, with particles following up on one another. So from the main single celled living being all life came. One single life form, when followed up on by a few unique atoms could offer ascent to a wide range of types of creatures. It is along these lines that he expressed that Ape and man were similareach having a comparable lifes starting. Darwin kicked the bucket after a long disease, leaving eight kids, a few of whom accomplished extraordinary qualification. In spite of the fact that not the sole o riginator of the development theories, or even the first to apply the idea of drop to plants and creatures, Darwin was the primary differentiation scholar to pick up for that hypothesis a wide acknowledgment among natural specialists. By adding to the rough evolutionism of Erasmus Darwin, Lamarck, and others, his own particular thought of characteristic determination, Darwin provided an adequate reason, which raised it from a speculation to an unquestionable hypothesis. A man who sets out to squander an hour of life has not found the estimation of life.Darwin .u41210f6184556c408ce4bc55b74fd474 , .u41210f6184556c408ce4bc55b74fd474 .postImageUrl , .u41210f6184556c408ce4bc55b74fd474 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u41210f6184556c408ce4bc55b74fd474 , .u41210f6184556c408ce4bc55b74fd474:hover , .u41210f6184556c408ce4bc55b74fd474:visited , .u41210f6184556c408ce4bc55b74fd474:active { border:0!important; } .u41210f6184556c408ce4bc55b74fd474 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u41210f6184556c408ce4bc55b74fd474 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u41210f6184556c408ce4bc55b74fd474:active , .u41210f6184556c408ce4bc55b74fd474:hover { obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u41210f6184556c408ce4bc55b74fd474 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u41210f6184556c408ce4bc55b74fd474 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .u41210f6184556c408ce4bc55b74fd474 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u41210f6184556c408ce4bc55b74fd474 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u41210f6184556c408ce4bc55b74fd474:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u41210f618455 6c408ce4bc55b74fd474 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u41210f6184556c408ce4bc55b74fd474-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u41210f6184556c408ce4bc55b74fd474:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Human Rights Abuses on the Mexican Border Essay

The Real People (And Their Books) Behind The People v. O.J. Simpson

The Real People (And Their Books) Behind The People v. O.J. Simpson I’ve been glued to the FX series American Crime Story: The People v. O.J. Simpsonâ€"not only  because of the [largely] excellent acting and unfolding drama, but because of the question, “Wait, did that really happen?” I was in high school when my social studies teacher wheeled a big old tube TV into the classroom and basically had us watch the O.J. trial for an hour a day, week in and week out. But once I started watching the series, I realized how little I rememberedâ€"or maybe ever knew to begin withâ€"about the crime and trial “of the century.” I can’t go an episode without stopping at least three time to Googleâ€"whether O.J. really left a suicide note claiming that “at times [he] felt like a battered husband” (he did); or if Robert Shapiro really tried on that glove in court (he didn’t). Did Marcia Clark spend a weekend with Christopher Darden in Oakland? Yes! Did Robert Kardashian really beg O.J. not to kill himself in Kim’s bedroom? Yes! Did he subsequently take his children out to lunch on Father’s Day and give them that rousing “Fame is fleeting” speech? Nope. (But could David Schwimmer smell the Emmy nomination on that one when he read the script? I think we all know the answer to that.) Anyway, the show is candy for someone like me who enjoys reading both thrillers and true crime, but in the end I find myself wanting to know the real stories, unembellished by screenwriters, actors, and directors, and told in the players’ own words. So I started looking for books written by the real people involved, and there are a LOT of them. Like, hundredsâ€"from tabloid-style “I helped O.J. get away with murder” and exploitative “true” tales of hangers-on in the O.J./Nicole circle, to critically panned books by Johnnie Cochran and Robert Shapiro that don’t seem to cast any new or relevant light on what I already know. After my deep dive into O.J.-land, these are the four I’m interested in reading, and that might paint a clearer picture of all the facts . . . or not. The Run of His Life: The People v. O.J. Simpson by Jeffrey Toobin This is the book on which the series is based. Toobin himself is a credited consultant on the show, though he has acknowledged that the TV show “is not a documentary.” Now I’m curious to read the book and get just the facts, maam, from Toobin’s relentlessly reported, widely praised “nonfiction masterpiece.” Without a Doubt by Marcia Clark with Teresa Carpenter Part memoir and part exhaustive case study, Marcia Clark’s #1 New York Times bestselling book about trying (and surviving) “The Trial of the Century” is the only account by a  female attorney in the courtroom. (The other female attorney was Shawn Chapman Holley on the defense team. She has not written a book about the trial, but she did go on to be Lindsay Lohans defense lawyer. These are the things we learn when writing for Book Riot, people.) When the case was being tried, race and celebrity were the flashpoints on which most of the argumentsâ€"and public opinionâ€"were built. But the FX series has zeroed in quite forcefully on the sexism that was also at play in the courtroom, and Clark is the only one to give voice to that bizarre and undignified angle of the story. In Contempt by Christopher Darden with Jess Walter Another #1 New York Times bestseller, Darden’s book is a behind-the-scenes look at not only the trial itself, but his personal role as foil to Johnnie Cochran. Though Marcia Clark was the lead prosecutor, all eyes were on the two African-American lawyers, battling it out on two sides of the table over the fate of an African-American defendant. Darden was accused of being an “Uncle Tom” on the O.J. case, but famously and consistently put justice ahead of all other issues, including race. (P.S. according to Wikipedia, the co-writer is  that Jess Walter!) If I Did It: Confessions of the Killer by O.J. Simpson, with contributions from Fred Goldman and Kim Goldman Oh, what a tangled web we weave: When first we practice to deceive. . . In what is one of, if not THE most f*cked up publishing story of the century, HarperCollins commissioned  O.J. Simpson’s own account of how he would have committed the murders if he had committed the murders. What the what?!? Harper eventually thought better of it and cancelled the book (and fired notorious publisher Judith Regan over the whole fiasco), but the Goldman family, who viewed the manuscript as a clear, nonfiction confession, fought to have it made available to the public. A judge awarded them all rights to the manuscript, which they published in full (all of O.J.’s words were approved by the Juice himself), along with additional essays and commentary by the Goldmans. But tellingly, the book’s cover now  prints the word “If” in minuscule font, inside the “I.” Go on, see if you can find it. (And if you want to go further down this particular rabbit hole, this E online feature on the facts v. fictions of the FX series  is my new favorite link.)

Case Study-Barrio Bantog - 1665 Words

Summary Hacienda Luisita in Central Luzon constituted the largest unified sugar hacienda in the Philippines with an area of 6,000 hectares. It was operated by Jose Cojuangco amp; Sons as part of their integrated sugar central, Central Azucarera de Tarlac (CAT). There were nine barrios in Hacienda Luisita, each barrio had its own overseer, and each had a barrio captain. Barrio Bantog was located on Hacienda Luisita. There were four hundred thirty five people lived in Barrio Bantog, and the settlers lived with simple entertainment and few luxuries, one of the the accepted diversion was gambling. Jose Zaldo was an overseer of Barrio Bantog and Luis Calero was the barrio captain. In 1964, Jose Zaldo was facing with an important decision,†¦show more content†¦III. Statement of the Problem/s How to stop or cut the prevalent problem of gambling activities which was operated by the barrio captain and director of labor union in Barrio Bantog as it already affected morale and stands a steady threat to field discipline; and How will the management restore the workers to be effective and efficient in their work the economic condition of the workers as it created a climate wherein the workers wages carried little real value. IV. Objectives 1. To solve the problem encompassing the workers attitude due to the gambling activities. 2. To restore and to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the workers. 3. To re-establish the economic status of the workers as their income and cash advances will be allocated accordingly to their needs. V. Areas of Consideration The overseer represented the hacienda in the barrio and he was the link between the management and the field workers. Each barrio was assigned a certain number of hectares of cane that was to be planted, worked and harvested. The overseer assigned the work, decided upon the work rotations, determined the overtime assignments and performed the multitude of duties because of the provided service, jeep. The barrio captain served as an elected official and he was the barrios

Women s Rights Of Women - 1265 Words

What stands in the way of women being equal to men? Journalist Carlin Flora suggests the following, â€Å"While not all claims to humanity are universal and no one context, culture or continent can truly represent all peoples, the following three examples from very different contexts, cultures and continents show that some violations of women’s human rights are universal. In particular, it is still the case the world over that a woman’s reproductive rights, which impact on her right to life, are still seen as secondary or conflicting with men’s rights, religious freedoms, the rights of the unborn child, or even financial concerns†(Flora). However different we may appear, there is far more that unites us than divides us. Today, no country has yet achieved equality between men and women. Globally, women have fewer opportunities for economic participation than men, less access to basic and higher education, greater health and safety risk, and less political representation. Women’s rights need to be considered human rights. I f women are strong and educated, their ancestry will flourish.If women are free from cruelty, their family will blossom freely. If women have the opportunity to work and earn as full and equal partners in society, their families will blossom. And when families blossom, communities and nations do as well. That is why every woman, every man, every child, every family, and every nation on this planet does have a stake in the discussion of women s rights. WomenShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesa myriad of women have expressed through outlets such as public assemblies, literature, and speeches. There have been three waves of the women’s movement, each targeting a variety of issues within each era. The third wave was in 1995, where Hillary Clinton spoke in Beijing, China, claiming that women’s rights were the same as human rights, that every aspiring girl deserved the civil liberties that every man was given around the world. Moreover, the movement had shifted towards women in developingRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women881 Words   |  4 PagesTwenty –first century ladies are discovering it a daunting task to keep up both sexual orientation parts as an aftereffect of the women s activist development. They are presently assuming liability for both the supplier and the nurturer, battling like never before to acquire and keep a superior personal satisfaction. Woman s rights has sup ported in equivalent vocation opportunity, battling to get ladies acknowledged into the employment advertise, and what initially began as ladies strengtheningRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesthe early 1920’s, women thought they had achieved the unachievable. They could finally work, keep their earned wages, marry whomever they please, and even vote. After reaching their goal and fighting vigorously, women could taste equality and the freedom they deserved. While women still have the right to work in today’s society, women are not exactly treated equal in the workplace. Regardless of the past and the extreme measures taken to ensure equal opportunities for both men and women, there are manyRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 1920s, women were ignored in every aspect of their life. From politics, to social situations, women were constantly looked at as lesser. The 20s was a decade of women ready to fight for thei r rights. From gaining social freedoms, to getting political rights, the 20s was the first decade of feminism. Many women played key roles in the fight for women s rights through speeches, marches, and much more. The women that fought for their rights in the 1920s completely changed how women live their livesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1230 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s suffrage has stretched from the 1800’s to present day, as women have struggled to have the same civil and constitutional rights as men in politics and be appreciated as equals in the workforce. Groups of women known as suffragists questioned the customary views of women’s roles. Eventually our nation has evolved and realized that male-controlled societies suppress women’s rights. From the beginning steps taken in 1850 to 2013 with women earning combat roles in the military, women’s rolesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1206 Words   |  5 Pagesto speak of women and the role of women in this election, the subject of women is tiresome but necessary in a world where gender is still existent as an obstacle for most. I cannot identify what woman is. I am basing my definition from our modern understanding of woman, our general view, and the popular experience. People are using younger women voting for Bernie Sanders as proof of gender’s irrelevant in this election, that women have achieved their rights. Even if women ‘have rights now’ it doesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1393 Words   |  6 Pages Women all over the world are being treated different than men. Iran is one of the places that women are being treated the worst. From restrictions to punishments, women in Iran are being treated with no respect, and that is not okay. Women’s rights activists have tried to get it to change, and have traveled to many places to try and get more people to join their movement. There are many issues with women not having the same rights as men. One of the main problems is that they are treated lessRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1272 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, women have fought a strenuous battle for equal rights. Many men, and even some women, all over the world believe that women do not share the same value and importance to society as men do. On September 5, 1995, Hillary Clinton spoke at the 4th World Conference on Women, on behalf of women all over the world. Clinton raised awareness on how women s rights are being violated and why it is important to recognize women s rights as equal to everyone else’s rights. Even today, in 2016Read MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe family has traditionally been the basic unit of Chinese society where women have long been charged with upholding society s values in their roles as wives and mothers. Especially in the Qing Dynasty, women were required to balance society s i deals with the reality of raising a family and maintaining a household. Throughout the imperial period and into the beginning of the twentieth century, the relationship among family members was prescribed by Confucian teachings. The revered philosopherRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1159 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s Rights is an extremely ethical topic that is surrounded by ethical theories and has a lot of history. While some of the theoretical systems in ethics have helped to gain women their rights, others have assisted in preventing women rights. Women in America have seen much improvement in our modern day society regarding Women’s Rights, but what about the women in less economically stable countries? Women continue to fight against abuse, hatred, and discrimination worldwide. I will be discussing

Occupational Therapy Efficacy After Stroke Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(214) " for high blood force per unit area include: being overweight, imbibing inordinate sums of intoxicant, smoke, a deficiency of exercising, and emphasis, which may do a impermanent rise in blood force per unit area\." This meta analysis of the referenced surveies aim to measure efficaciousness of occupational therapy: whether it focused specifically on personal activities of day-to-day populating improves recovery for patients following shot and to cognize does.Occupational therapy aims to assist people make their maximal degree of map and independency in all facets of day-to-day life. Reviewing 07 surveies with 1178 participants, people who had a shot were more independent in personal activities of day-to-day life like feeding, dressing, bathing, toileting and traveling approximately and more likely to keep these abilities if they received intervention from an occupational healer after shot. We will write a custom essay sample on Occupational Therapy Efficacy After Stroke Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Abstract ( around 200-250 words ) Aims A systematic reappraisal of surveies proving the effectivity of occupational therapy in station shot patient, focused specifically on personal activities of day-to-day populating improves recovery for patients following shot. Datas beginnings We searched EBSCOMEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library ( 2000- 2010 ) . AMED: Choice standards Selection standards included surveies that used randomized controlled tests of an occupational therapy intercession compared to usual attention or no attention, where shot patients practiced personal activities of day-to-day life, or public presentation in activities of day-to-day life was the focal point of the occupational therapy intercession. Review methods A meta-analysis, utilizing a random effects theoretical account, of 24 programmes identified in 19 tests. Effect sizes were adjusted by reverse discrepancy weights to command for surveies ‘ sample sizes. Findings.Main Consequence We identified 64 potentially eligible tests and included nine surveies ( 1258 participants ) . Occupational therapy intercessions reduced the odds of a hapless result ( Peto odds ratio 0.67 ( 95 % assurance interval ( CI ) 0.51 to 0.87 ; P = 0.003 ) . and increased personal activity of day-to-day life tonss ( standardised mean difference 0.18 ( 95 % CI 0.04 to 0.32 ; P = 0.01 ) . For every 11 ( 95 % CI 7 to 30 ) patients having an occupational therapy intercession to ease personal activities of day-to-day life, one patient was spared a hapless result. Decisions Patients who receive occupational therapy intercessions are less likely to deteriorate and are more likely to be independent in their ability to execute personal activities of day-to-day life. However, the exact nature of the occupational therapy intercession to accomplish maximal benefit demands to be defined. . Chapter 1: Introduction: The overall purpose of this meta analysis was to measure the effectivity of OT in station shot patient. Extensive literature hunt was done by turn uping published shot rehabilitation direction intercession surveies that measured personal activities of day-to-day populating results among stroke patient. Datas were extracted from survey studies which included intercessions designed to better station shot activities of patient. From WHO ‘s study of planetary load of shot it was found that Worldwide 15 1000000s people suffer a shot yearly. 5milloin of these dices and another 5 million are left for good disabled, doing load on household and community. High blood force per unit area and baccy usage are considered as a major hazard factor for shot ( WHO, 2010 ) . The World Health Organisation ( WHO ) defines Stroke as â€Å" a clinical syndrome of resumed vascular beginning, typified by quickly developing marks of focal or planetary perturbation of intellectual map enduring more so 24 hours or taking to decease † ( WHO, 1978 ) . The causes of shot can be classified as: IschaemicA cause: blood supply to encephalon stopped due to formation of blood coagulum. It causes 70 % of all instances. Haemorrhagic: A encephalon harm caused due to spliting of blood vas which supply blood to encephalon There is besides a related status known as aA transient ischemic attackA ( TIA ) , which affect 35 people per 100,000 of population each twelvemonth and is associated with a really high hazard of shot in the first month of event upto one twelvemonth ( Coull, et al. , 2004 ) . In transeunt ischaemic onslaught the blood supply to the encephalon is temporarily interrupted due to inadequate intellectual or optic blood supply which is due to low blood flow, thrombosis or intercalation. Symptoms last for less than 24hours doing a kind of ‘mini-stroke ‘ ( Hankey and Warlow, 1994 ) . The hazard of decease due to stroke depends on its type like TIA has the best result whereas obstruction of an arteria is more unsafe, with rupture of blood vass. It has found that even if state is holding progress engineering and installations 60 % people die or become dependent doing high cost of intervention ( WHO, 2010 ) . Those of Afro-Caribbean beginning are at increased hazard of holding a shot, and the figure of people affected by the status is higher among this cultural group than any other. This is because people of Afro-Caribbean beginning have a familial sensitivity ( a natural inclination ) to developing diabetes and bosom disease, which are two conditions that can do shots. Ischaemic shots occur when blood coagulums block the flow of blood to the encephalon. Blood coagulums typically form in countries where the arterias have been narrowed or blocked by fatty cholesterol-containing sedimentations known as plaques. This narrowing of the arterias is known asA coronary artery disease. As the age progresss, our arterias become narrower, but certain hazard factors can perilously speed up the procedure. Hazard factors include: smoke, high blood force per unit area ( high blood pressure ) , fleshiness, high cholesterin degrees ( frequently caused by a high-fat diet ) , and a household history of bosom disease or diabetes. Diabetess is besides a hazard factor, peculiarly if it is ill controlled, because the extra glucose in the blood can damage the arterias. Haemorrhagic shots occur when a blood vas in the encephalon explosions. The chief cause of this is high blood force per unit area ( high blood pressure ) , which can weaken the arterias in the encephalon and do them prone to divide or tear. The hazard factors for high blood force per unit area include: being overweight, imbibing inordinate sums of intoxicant, smoke, a deficiency of exercising, and emphasis, which may do a impermanent rise in blood force per unit area. A individual ‘s cultural group can besides be a hazard factor for high blood force per unit area. One-half of all people of black-African or Caribbean beginning who are over 40 old ages of age are likely to hold high blood force per unit area. Research has suggested this is because people of African beginning have an increased sensitiveness to the effects of salt, which can do their blood force per unit area to lift. A hemorrhagic shot can besides sometimes occur as a consequence of a traumatic caput hurt ( NHS Choices, 2008 ) . Every twelvemonth, an estimated 150,000 people in the UK have a shot. That is one individual every five proceedingss ( Office of National Statistics, 2001 ) .The encephalon harm caused by shots agencies that they are the largest cause of grownup disablement in the UK. Peoples who are over 65 old ages of age are most at hazard from holding shots, although 25 % of shots occur in people who are under 65 old ages of age. It is besides possible for kids to hold shots ( NHS Choices, 2008 ) . Around 1000 people under 30 have a shot each twelvemonth. Stroke can ensue in many different disablements runing from motor control and urinary incontinency to depression and memory loss. Disablement has been conceptualized by the universe wellness organisation in footings organ disfunction ( damages ) , disablement ( trouble with undertaking ) , and disability ( societal disadvantage ) ( Post shot rehabilitation, 1995 ) . The analysis of cost of unwellness of shot by Saka et Al ( 2009 ) has found that shot has greater impact on economic system of UK, as intervention of and productivity loss originating due to stroke cost ?8.9 billion a twelvemonth. In which intervention cost is about 5 % of entire UK NHS costs. Direct attention including diagnosing, inmate attention and outpatient attention histories for about 50 % of the sum, informal attention costs 27 % and the indirect costs that is cost ensuing from premature decease due to stroke is 24 % . This survey concluded that chronic stage of shot is most dearly-won and hence suggested better apprehension of long-run attention in footings of its effectivity and cost-effectiveness is necessary. Due to stroke one side of the organic structure may be paralyzed or the musculuss on the affected side may weaken. After shot intervention is comprise of attention and rehabilitation ( Post shot rehabilitation, 1995 ) . During the period of acute inmate attention, patient will have rehabilitation and attention input from a assortment of qualified and unqualified nursing and allied wellness staff. It is hence of import that all staff should be familiar with the effects of shot, and able to efficaciously pull off jobs associating to stroke suitably within their functions. The effects of shot are manifold ; every bit good as the more seeable physical jobs ; stroke subsisters will probably hold a figure of emotional, cognitive, and communicating jobs ( Ross et al, 2009 ) Research shows that patients benefit from intervention in stroke units in the ague and rehabilitation stages ( Indredavik, 2008 ) . Rehabilitation is the procedure of get the better ofing or larning to get by with the harm the shot has caused. It is about acquiring back to normal life and accomplishing the best degree of independency by: relearning accomplishments and abilities ; larning new accomplishments ; accommodating to some of the restrictions caused by a shot ; and happening societal, emotional and practical support at place and in the community. The benefits of shot rehabilitation bundles are good documented ( SUTC, 2000 ) but small is known about the efficaciousness of the assorted constituents of such intercessions. Rehabilitation requires multidisciplinary attack affecting healer ( physical healer, speech healer, and occupational healer ) , physicians, psychologist and societal workers. Occupational healer teaches the patient day-to-day life accomplishments and how to utilize populating AIDSs such as Walkers or bathroom grab bars ( shot rehabilitation, 2010 ) . After stroke life become hard due to disablement caused by it. shot have high morbidity rates which means that patient with shot suffer from both mental and physical disablement following shot. It is the taking cause of lower quality of life in grownups. Rehabilitation offers a opportunity to reconstruct quality of life after shot. Brain damaged caused due to stroke can non be healed but rehabilitation helps a patient in keeping bing abilities and supply scheme for managing disablements cause by shot. Stroke intervention depends on clip continuance after shot, hazard factor that may impact intervention. Depending on these factors stroke intervention include blood dilutant medicine which can fade out a blood coagulum, or encephalon surgery for rupture blood vas. Rehabilitation after shot Begins after acute intervention. It helps in relearning the accomplishments lost due to stroke and counterbalancing for disablement caused by shot. It stroke includes memory rehabilitation, linguistic communication rehabilitation and emotional rehabilitation, motor and centripetal control rehabilitation ( Healthtree, 2010 ) . Functional damage following acute unwellnesss -such as shot – often have terrible physical effects for grownup and older patients ( Desrosiers, 2003 ) . Occupational therapy is an indispensable constituent for the rehabilitation of handicapped patients, holding a broad scope of intercessions available to help individuals towards independency ( cup, 2003 ) . The end of occupational therapy is to reconstruct functional independency when possible and to ease psychosocial accommodation to residuary disablement ( Landi, 2006 ) . The doctrine of occupational therapy is founded on the construct of business as a cardinal component of wellness and wellbeing. Practice in societal attention services embraces the societal theoretical account of disablement and is based on holistic and person-centered attention, stressing the publicity of autonomy and resourcefulness ( College of Occupational Therapists, 2008 ) . The Occupational therapy is normally used in the station shot patients by an occupational healer with the specific purpose of easing personal activities of day-to-day life to better the results for patients following shot. Different tests have been conducted in different states to turn out the effectivity of occupational therapy but there is deficiency of grounds proposing that occupational therapy intercessions can cut down the likeliness of such impairment and better patients ‘ ability to execute personal activities of day-to-day life. Therefore the purpose of this Meta analysis is to measure the efficaciousness of occupational therapy on shot rehabilitation. The chief purpose of occupational therapy ( OT ) is to keep, reconstruct or make a lucifer beneficial to the person between the abilities of the individual, the demands of his or her businesss and the demands of the environment ( Creek, 2003 ) Activity and engagement restrictions in shot typically diminish wellness and well-being As a consequence, betterment of functional abilities, betterment of engagement in society and an increased quality of life are of import results of OT intervention ( Steultjens, 2005 ) . Historically, several intervention attacks have been introduced and adopted by physical and occupational healers. The shot rehabilitation methods adopted by healers vary widely depending on their background cognition, clinical experience, clinical accomplishments, and personal penchants [ 6-9 ] . The handiness of a overplus of intervention methods shows that shot rehabilitation patterns are continually germinating. Previous surveies conducted in the United Kingdom used studies to find common intervention patterns in stroke rehabilitation among physical healers [ 10-11 ] . The consequence of the survey by Landi et Al. ( 2006 ) shows that patients with shot who received the combined plan of physical and occupational therapy had a greater degree of independency in activities of day-to-day life over a period of 8 hebdomads than patients who did non. It has been found from the Cochrane reappraisal of benefits of shot rehabilitation that it reduces about 22 % in decease or dependence and these benefits are more outstanding under and over 75 old ages of age, in both sexes. Length of infirmary stay is besides reduced due to early rehabilitation ( Scots intercollegiate guidelines web, 2002 ) . Stroke is a complex status where cognition base is continuously increasing. There is changeless progress in apprehension of the status, appraisal and intercession techniques. Occupational healers are a critical constituent in the rehabilitation of patient with this status ( Edmans, 2000 ) . Occupational healer work with persons who have conditions that are physically, mentally, developmentally, or emotionally disenabling. They help them develop, retrieve, keep day-to-day life and work accomplishments. The end of occupational healer is to assist their client have independent, fulfilling and productive lives ( Weeks and Zona, 2000 ) . Chapter 2: The Literature Search Choice standards – brief description of the chief elements of the inquiry under consideration. This is subdivided into: Types of surveies – eg: RCT ‘s Types of participants – the population of involvement. This subdivision may include inside informations of diagnostic standards, if desired or appropriate. Types of intercessions – the chief intercession under consideration and any comparing interventions. Types of result steps – any result measures/endpoints ( for illustration, decrease in symptoms ) that are considered of import by the referee, defined in progress ; non merely outcome steps really used in tests. Definition of Occupational therapy World federation of occupational healer ( 2004 ) define Occupational therapy as a profession concerned with advancing wellness and good being through business. The primary end of occupational therapy is to enable people to take part in the activities of mundane life. Occupational healers achieve this result by enabling people to make things that will heighten their ability to take part or by modifying the environment to better support engagement. The hunt scheme for systematic reappraisals of the efficaciousness of OT has identifies randomised test comparing occupational therapy with other intercession or no intercession. It has been done by seeking EBSCO host research database from 2000-2010. The other beginnings are Google Scholar and The Occupational Therapy Research Index and Dissertation Abstracts registry, scanned mention lists of relevant articles, relevant diaries. ( 1999-2010 ) . Fifty-three surveies were identified and abstracted. Four surveies reported entire haemorrhagic shot as the result, which includes intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage.4,7,10,11 None of the surveies reported information on subdural hemorrhagic shots. We have used the term hemorrhagic stroke throughout the article. Two studies consisted of the same instance patients but different controls and were treated as 2 separate surveies. 23,24 From the 53 surveies, 18 were farther excluded for assorted grounds. Two surveies were excluded because combined hazard estimations were reported for work forces and adult females but degrees of intoxicant ingestion were non the same for work forces as for women.49,50 We excluded 5 surveies that examined merely the consequence of orgy imbibing or acute intoxicant ingestion ( within 24 hours before shot ) 51-55 because our survey assessed accustomed intoxicant ingestion and comparative hazard of shot. Five surveies that lacked sufficient informations for computation of comparative hazard estimations were excluded.56-60 The staying 6 excluded studies did non utilize ascetics as the mention group.61-66 We included 19 cohort surveies and 16 instance control surveies in our concluding analysis Types of surveies This survey included randomized controlled tests of shot patients having an occupational therapy intercession provided by an occupational healer. All of the selected surveies intend to better personal activities of day-to-day life compared to usual attention or no attention in station shot patient. If big randomized tests are impractical, we have to pull the most dependable decisions from smaller tests. Unfortunately, the conventional attack, the narrative reappraisal is undependable. Conventional reappraisal normally fails to specify the reappraisal inquiry, to guarantee that all relevant tests are explicitly based on the grounds. Systematic reappraisals set out to better upon narrative reappraisals by using scientific methods to the reappraisal of the research grounds ( Langhorne, et al. , 2008 ) . Types of participants: This survey included the test if the participant of the survey met the clinical definition of shot as defined by WHO â€Å" a clinical syndrome of resumed vascular beginning, typified by quickly developing marks of focal or planetary perturbation of intellectual map enduring more so 24 hours or taking to decease † . All of the included surveies have given clear inclusion standards. They include participant on the footing of clinical diagnosing, except Sackley et Al ( 2006 ) included occupants with moderate to severe stroke-related disablement by utilizing Barthel Activity of Daily Living Index mark ( BI score 4 to 15 inclusive ) . Participants with other acute unwellness are excluded from the surveies. Types of intercession: In this survey tests are include if they have following characteristics: aˆ? Occupational therapy intercession which specially focused on activities of day-to-day life and tried to better their personal activities of day-to-day life. aˆ? The tests are included in which control group receives normal attention or no intercession. aˆ? Interventions are provided under the supervising of qualified occupational healer. The survey by Sackley et Al ( 2006 ) has developed an intercession by utilizing bing grounds with the aid of a group of adept occupational healers delivered on single degree. The period of intercession was three month which include occupational therapy and carer instruction, wheras INCLUSION CRITEIA: Researcher included surveies that used randomized or controlled clinical designs, of an occupational therapy intercession, compared to usual attention or no attention. In which stroke patient ‘s public presentation in footings of activities of day-to-day life was the focal point of the occupational therapy intercession Datas beginnings Selected database is EBSCO host web research database this aggregation of databases provide entree to cardinal diaries, many holding links to full text diary articles. It contains assorted databases as follow: AMED British Nursing Index CINHAL plus with full text Medline with full text SocINDEX with full text The other beginnings are Google Scholar and The Occupational Therapy Research Index and Dissertation Abstracts registry, scanned mention lists of relevant articles, relevant diaries. ( 1999-2010 ) ( See Appendix 1 ) . Cardinal words or term used in literature hunt Kilowatts: Stroke in Title Rehabilitation in Abstract Randomised controlled trail in Abstract Choice standards Time frame: 2000-2010 Randomized controlled test Language or national context: English linguistic communication merely Main focal point of paper: Stroke rehabilitation Peer reviewed diary merely National and international surveies. Types of result step The out come step are that reflected the alteration in personal activities of day-to-day life in shot patient after having occupational therapy Primary result ( 1 ) Performance in personal activities of day-to-day life ( pADL including: eating, dressing, bathing, toileting, simple mobility and transportations ) at the terminal of scheduled follow up. ( 2 ) Death or a hapless result. Death or a hapless result is defined as the combined result of being dead or: aˆ? holding deteriorated, characterised by sing a impairment in ability to execute personal activities of day-to-day life ( that is, sing a bead in pADL mark ) ; or aˆ? being dependent, characterised by lying above or below a pre-defined cut-off point on a given pADL graduated table ; or aˆ? necessitating institutional attention at the terminal of scheduled follow up. Secondary results of involvement ( 1 ) Death at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 2 ) Number of patients dead or physically dependent at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 3 ) Number of patients dead or necessitating institutional attention at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 4 ) Performance in drawn-out activities of day-to-day life ( community and domestic activities ) at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 5 ) Patient temper at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 6 ) Patient subjective wellness position or quality of life at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 7 ) Carer temper at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 8 ) Carer subjective wellness position or quality of life at the terminal of scheduled follow up ( 9 ) Patient and carer satisfaction with services We aimed to enter results that reflected resource usage ( that is the figure of admittances to hospital, figure of yearss in infirmary, AIDSs and contraptions provided, figure of staff required per caseload ) . Search methods for designation of surveies See: ‘Specialized registry ‘ subdivision in Cochrane Stroke Group Occupational therapy Secondary result Exclusion Standards: Documents excluded from the reappraisal were plants that focused preponderantly upon: Stroke rehabilitation surveies before 2000. Which are non published surveies Which are other than English linguistic communication Research Design A meta-analysis, by utilizing quantitative methods such as a random effects theoretical account, of 7 randomized controlled test identified literature hunt. Analysis of Datas Researcher will analyze binary results with a fixed-effect theoretical account, as odds ratios ( OR ) with 95 % assurance intervals ( CI ) . For uninterrupted results, a random-effects theoretical account will be used to take history of statistical heterogeneousness. As there is some heterogeneousness between the tests in footings of their design, continuance of follow up and choice standards for patients. Researcher will execute an purpose to handle analysis to cut down potentialA prejudices in footings of followup, publication, and describing prejudice associated withA pull outing informations from published studies. Publication prejudice will be assessed withA a rank correlativity trial and a funnel secret plan. Systematic reappraisals show that occupational therapy increases functional ability and/or societal engagement in aged people and in patients with shot or rheumatoid arthritis. For patients with progressive neurological diseases, intellectual paralysis or mental illnesses the efficaciousness of occupational therapy is still ill-defined because high-quality surveies are missing. Chapter 3 – Methodology Justification of methodological attack – qualitative or quantitative Methods of the reappraisal – description of how surveies eligible for inclusion in the reappraisal were selected, how their quality was assessed, how informations were extracted from the surveies ( evaluated ) , how informations were analysed, whether any subgroups were studied or whether any sensitiveness analyses were carried out, A major challenge with shot rehabilitation is that the intercession itself is likely to be really complex and non uniform. Any intercession developed by healer or multidisciplinary squad will affect many constituents which may interact in different ways. It is likely that these intercessions may a mixture of both effectual and uneffective elements so it is of import that we are cognizant of variableness between the different tests and we explore this variableness when analysing the consequence ( Langhorne, et al. , 2008 ) . Chapter 4 – The Surveies Description of surveies – how many surveies were found, what were their inclusion standards, how large were they, etc. ? Methodological quality of included surveies – were at that place any grounds to doubt the decisions of any surveies because of concerns about the survey quality? 4.1 Features of included surveies: Features of included surveies Survey Method Participants Intervention Result Cindy 2004 HongKong Pretest and posttest randomized control test design -53 participants -Age: 55 old ages or older. -Mean age: 72.1 -With primary diagnosing of shot -Living at place Intervention group received extra home-based intercession in the usage of devices instantly after discharge, but the control group did non. Subjects were assessed by 1.Functional Independence Measure and 2. The Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology. Gilbertson, 2000. Glassgow Single blind randomised controlled test. -138 participants -Mean age: 71 -with clinical diagnosing of shot -were admitted to Glasgow royal hospital NHS trust were Intervention group received 6wk domiciliary programme and control group received included inmate multidisciplinary Rehabilitation. Subjects were assessed by 1.Nottingham drawn-out activities of day-to-day populating graduated table 2. Barthel activities of day-to-day populating index. Landi, 2004 USA -50 Participants -Mean age: 78.3 – With primary diagnosing of ischaemic shot Intervention group received received 8 hebdomads of a combined rehabilitation plan based on occupational therapy and physical therapy received no input from the occupational healers Subjects were assessed by -MDS-PAC – ADL graduated table Logan,2004 United kingdom Randomised controlled test. -168 participants -Mean age: 74 – clinical diagnosing of shot in old 36 months Intervention group received cusps with appraisal and up to seven intercession Sessionss by an occupational healer. Control group received cusps depicting local conveyance services for handicapped people -Postal questionnaires – Nottingham extended activities of day-to-day populating graduated table, Nottingham leisure questionnaire, and general wellness questionnaire. Parker,2000 United kingdom Multicentre randomized controlled test. -466 Participants -Mean age: 72 .Randomization was done in three groups. two intervention groups received occupational therapy intercessions at place for up to six months after enlisting. The General Health Questionnaire ( 12 point ) , the Nottingham Extended ADL Scale and the Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire Logan,2004 United kingdom Randomised controlled test with hidden allotment and blinded appraisal. -168 Participants -Mean age:74 -patients with a clinical diagnosing of shot in the old 36 months Control group received one session consisting of advice, encouragement, and the proviso of cusps depicting local mobility services. intercession group received the cusps plus occupational therapy appraisal and up to seven intercession Sessionss for up to 3 months. Primary result was self-report, Secondary results were 1-self-report of the figure of journeys out-of-doorss in the past month, 2-Nottingham drawn-out activities of day-to-day populating graduated table, 3-Nottingham leisure questionnaire. 4-general wellness questionnaire. Sackley,2006 United kingdom bunch randomized controlled test -118 Participant -Residents with moderate to severe stroke-related disablement – Residents with acute unwellness and those admitted for end-of-life attention. Occupational therapy was provided to intervention group but included carer instruction. control group received usual attention 1-Barthel Activity of Daily Living Index ( BI ) tonss 2-Rivermead Mobility Index. Features of intercession included in survey Writer Sample size interventin control consent Randomization item Puting Cindy 2004 HongKong Meter F Gilbertson, 2000. Glassgow Meter F Landi, 2004 USA Meter F Logan,2004 United kingdom Meter F Parker,2000 United kingdom Meter F Logan,2004 United kingdom Meter F Logan,2004 United kingdom Meter F Chapter 5 Findingss / Consequences What do the information show? The synthesis of consequences – thematic analysis or statistical analysis. Accompanied by a graph to demo a meta-analysis, if this was carried out. Chapter 6 – Discussion Interpretation and appraisal of consequences. Chapter 7 – Decision Subdivided into Deductions for pattern and Implications for research. Stroke patients who receive occupational therapy focused on personal activities of day-to-day life, as opposed to no everyday occupational therapy, are more likely to be independent in those activities. Restrictions of the survey It is hard to plan and carry on high quality clinical tests of rehabilitation. First, the cover of therapies from patient and healer is hard, therefore allowing the debut of prejudice, peculiarly when the individual supplying the intercession is besides the individual making the research, as is the instance with many of the surveies in this reappraisal. Second, while usual or standard attention is recognised as an appropriate control, this may include intercessions that promote activities, which potentially reduces the estimation of the intercession effect.21 Third, it is more hard to obtain credence of randomization in an inmate scene, peculiarly where an occupational therapy service is already established. We excluded four tests that compared one occupational therapy intercession within an active concurrent control arm provided in inpatient scenes as they did non supply an unconfounded estimation of effect.w1-w4 Finally, tests of rehabilitation intercessions typically have drawn-ou t follow-up periods with a hazard of survey dropout. This makes executing a true purpose to handle analysis with complex tonss such as the Barthel index problematic as it is hard to hit for losing participants. Despite these possible concerns, nevertheless, the quality of the included tests was by and large good and the consequences were consistent between tests. Occupational therapy is a complex intercession. Practice includes skilled observation ; the usage of standardized and non-standardised appraisals of the biological, psychiatric, societal, and environmental determiners of wellness ; elucidation of the job ; preparation of individualized intervention ends ; and the bringing of a set of individualized job work outing intercessions. While we are confident that all the intercessions in this reappraisal were consistent with this wide construct of occupational therapy, we recognise that the exact nature of the intercessions in each survey differed harmonizing to the type of patient, the expertness of the healer, and the resources available. The intercessions tested were likely provided by experts and non peculiarly constrained by twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours service factors. Our reappraisal did non compare occupational therapy with alternate rehabilitation intercessions, nor did it analyze the consequence of occupational therapy c ombined with other intercessions. Reference List of Included Studies: Chiu, W. , Y. and Man, D. W. K. , 2004. The consequence of developing older grownups with shot to utilize home-based assistive devices. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Gilbertson, L. , et al. , 2000. Domiciliary occupational therapy for patients with shots discharged from infirmary: a randomized controlled test. BMJ [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Francesco, L. , et al. , 2006. Effectss of an Occupational Therapy Program on Functional Outcomes in Older Stroke Patients [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Logan, P. , et al. , 2004 Randomised controlled test of an occupational therapy intercession to increase out-of-door mobility after shot [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Parker, C. , J. et al. , 2001. A multicentre randomized controlled test of leisure therapy and conventional occupational therapy after shot. Clinical Rehabilitation [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? six [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Sackley, C. , M. et al. , 2004. Occupational therapy in nursing and residential attention scenes: a description of a randomised controlled test intercession. British Journal of Occupational Therapy [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? six [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] Walker, M. , F. et al.,1999. Occupational therapy for shot patients non admitted to infirmary: a randomized controlled test [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ebscohost.com/ehost/resultsadvanced? [ Accessed 12th July 10 ] REFRENCE LIST Adamson, J. , Beswick, A. , Ebrahim, S. 2004. Is stroke the most common cause of disablement. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovasculer Disease [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.strokejournal.org/article/S1052-3057 ( 04 ) 00070-9/abstract [ Accessed 21st July 10 ] British Heart Foundation, 2005. Coronary Heart Disease statistics. London. British Heart Foundation [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.heartstats.org/uploads/documents48160_text_05_06_07 [ Accessed 21st July 10 ] College of Occupational Therapy. 2004. What is occupational therapy? [ Online ] Available at: www.cot.org.uk [ Accessed 18th July 10 ] . College of Occupational Therapists ( 2008 ) COT place statement: the value of occupational therapy and its part to adult societal service users and their carers London: College of Occupational Therapists Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mayden.co.uk/house/apps/doclibrary/documents/pdf/ [ Accessed 18th July 10 ] . Coull, A. , Lovett, J. , and Rothwell, P. , 2004. Population base survey of early hazard of shot after transeunt ischemic onslaught or minor strpke: deductions for public instruction and administration of services. British Medical Journal [ Online ] Cup EH, Scholte op Reimer WJ, Thijssen MC, van Kuyk-Minis MA: Dependability and cogency of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure in shot patients. Clin Rehabil 2003 ; 17: 402-409 Desrosiers J, Malouin F, Bourbonnais D, Richards CL, Rochette A, Bravo G: Arm and leg damages and disablements after shot rehabilitation: relation to disable. Clin Rehabil 2003 ; 17: 666-673 D’Souza, A. , et al. , 2002. Probiotics in bar of antibiotic associated diarrhea: meta analysis. Edmans, J. , 2000. Occupational Therapy and Stroke [ Onlone ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.amazon.co.uk/Occupational-Therapy-Stroke-Judi-Edmans/dp/1861561989 [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] Egger, M. , Davey, S. , and Altman, D. , ( explosive detection systems ) . Systematic Reviews in Health Care. Meta-analysis in Context. London: BMJ Books, Glasziou, Paul, 2001. Systematic reappraisals in wellness attention: Apractical usher. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press Gresham, G. , Duncan, P. and Statson, W. , 1995. Prioritie for future research, Clinical pattern guidelines figure 18. US section of wellness and human services, Agency for wellness attention policy and reseaech, Rockwell, Maryland, AHCPR publication Hankey, G. , and Warlow, C. 1994.Transient ischemic onslaughts of the encephalon and oculus. London: WB Saunders. Healthtree, 2010. Stroke rehabilitation [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.healthtree.com [ Accessed twentieth September 10 ] Indredavik B, Bakke F, Slordahl S, Rokseth R, Haheim L. Stroke unit intervention improves long-run quality of life: a randomized controlled test. Stroke1998 ; 29: 895-9. Landi, F. , at el. , 2006. Effectss of an Occupational Therapy Program on Functional Outcomes in Older Stroke Patients Gerontology 2006 ; 52:85-91 Langhorne, Peter, D. , Martin, 2008. Stroke Unit of measurements: An grounds based attack John Wiley A ; Sons, Ltd NHS Choices, 2008. Stroke [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Stroke/Pages/Complications.aspx [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] Office of National Statistics, 2001. Stroke incidence and hazard factor in a population based cohort survey. Health statistics quarterly [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/article.asp? ID=1512 A ; Pos=8 A ; ColRank= [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] Ross, J. Barton, J. , and Read, J. 2009. Staff in-service preparation on post-stroke psychological and communicating issues Sakai, O. , Mcguire, A. and Wolfe, C. Cost of shot in the United Kingdom [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //ageing.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/1/27.full.pdf+html [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] Scots intercollegiate Guideline Network, 2002. Management of patients with shot: Rehabilitation, bar and direction of complication, and discharge planning. A national clinical guideline [ Online ] Available at: www.sign.ac.uk [ Accessed thirtieth September 10 ] Steultjens EMJ, Dekker J, Bouter Leemirjise, Cornelia, H. M. , 2006. Evidence of the efficaciousness of occupational therapy in different conditions: an overview of systematic reappraisals Stroke rehabilitation, 2008 Available at: www.stroke.org.uk [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] [ SUTC ] Stroke Unit Trialists ‘ Collaboration. Organised inmate ( stroke unit ) attention for shot. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001 [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab000197.html [ Accessed 20th July 10 ] Walker, M. , et al. , 2004. Individual Patient Data Meta Analysis of Randomised Controlled Tests of Community Occupational Therapy for Stroke Patient. Stroke: Journal of the American Heart Association. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/35/9/2226 [ Accessed 22nd July 10 ] . Weeks, R. , 2000. Opportunities in Occupational Therapy Careers. USA: N T C/Contemporary Publishing Company Wolfe, A. , Tilling, K. , and Rudd, A. , G. 2000. The effectivity of community based rehabilitation for shot patients who remain at place: a pilot randomized test. Clinical Rehabilitation 2000 World federation of occupational healer ( 2004 ) Definition [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wfot.com/office_files/final % 20definitioncm20042.pdf [ Accessed 22nd July 10 ] . World Health Organisation, 1978. Cerebrovascular Disorder: A Clinical and Research Classification. Geneva. World Health Organisation. Offset publication [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf [ Accessed 22nd July 10 ] . World Health Organisation, 2010. Cardiovascular Disease: Death from shot [ Omline ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf [ Accessed 2nd September 10 ] . 6. Nilsson LM, Nordholm LA. Physical therapy in shot rehabilitation: Bases for Swedish physical therapists ‘ pick of intervention. Physiother Theory Pract. 1992 ; 8 ( 1 ) :49-55. 7. Carr JH, Mungovan SF, Shepherd RB, Dean CM, Nordholm LA. Physiotherapy in shot rehabilitation: Bases for Australian physical therapists ‘ pick of intervention. Physiother Theory Pract. 1994 ; 10 ( 4 ) :201-9. 8.Sackley CM, Lincoln NB. Physiotherapy intervention for shot patients: A study of current pattern. Physiother Theory Pract. 1996 ; 12 ( 2 ) :87-96. 9. DeGangi GA, Royeen CB. Current pattern among Neuro Developmental Treatment Association members. Am J Occup Ther. 1994 ; 48 ( 9 ) :803-9. [ PMID: 7526690 ] 10. Lennon S. Physiotherapy pattern in shot rehabilitation: A study. Disabil Rehabil. 2003 ; 25 ( 9 ) :455-61. [ PMID: 12745940 ] 11. Lennon S, Baxter D, Ashburn A. Physiotherapy based on the Bobath construct in shot rehabilitation: A study within the UK. D HL4066 Meta Analysis Practical This is a ego directed survey and practical. It gives the chance to rehearse meta analysis accomplishments which may be utile if you decide to utilize that methodological analysis in your concluding thesis. Read the information on Wolf in the meta analysis booklet Decide on a subject that you would wish to look into, place a research inquiry ( note this does non hold to be an original inquiry but it may assist your thesis and profileif it was Determine your hunt standards Determine your inclusion standards What type of informations will you pull out? Design a information extraction signifier Carry out a hunt, using your key words and inclusion standards Identify between 4 and 10 surveies to include in your meta analysis Decide what package you will utilize and obtain a transcript either by purchase, download or Cadmium from a book Extract your informations utilizing the information extraction signifier you have designed Input your informations to your package Trial for heterogeneousness Decide what theoretical account you are traveling to utilize based on the consequence of the heterogeneousness trial Carry out the analysis Trial for prejudice Meta Analysis Resources Cochrane Handbook 2009 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cochrane-handbook.org/ The Cochrane Collaboration Open Learning Material hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cochrane-net.org/openlearning/HTML/mod0-3.htm Leandro, G ( 2005 ) Meta-analysis in Medical Research: The enchiridion for the apprehension and pattern of meta-analysis. BMJ Books Easy to read book with Meta analysis package Software A figure of commercial and free packages are available. Below is a choice but hunt cyberspace for more. Meta analysis 5.3 written by Ralph Schwarzer hypertext transfer protocol: //userpage.fu-berlin.de/~health/meta_e.htm MIX 1.7 Can be used with Excel hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mix-for-meta-analysis.info/ Stat pages reviews a figure of free packages hypertext transfer protocol: //statpages.org/javasta2.html Revman hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cc-ims.net/revman Interpret your resultsisabil Rehabil. 2001 ; 23 ( 6 ) :254-62. Researcher ID is: F-7307-2010 ( for rahila ) How to cite Occupational Therapy Efficacy After Stroke Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Keilana Hoffstetter Essays - Literature, Fiction, Film, Cathedral

Keilana Hoffstetter Professor Terry ENC 1102 November 7, 2017 Psychological Blindness and The Human Condition Throughout life, a plethora of people become psychologically blind, consumed by preconceived thoughts of the reality in which they reside. This results in an inconsistency not only in their everyday routine but their relationships as well. The societal pressures to achieve the ideal life results in turmoil, distress, and depression in an individual who is struggling to achieve these established goals. In Raymond Carver's "Cathedral", the narrator is plagued with the inevitable human condition of monotony. This plague causes him to become blind to all of the aspects of his life, leaving him to bear a rather unwelcoming reality. This theme of blindness is saturated throughout Carver's short story, leaving the audience to question their own psychological blindness. It is when an individual looks beyond oneself and perceives reality not as a curse from God, but as a new opportunity to resurrect the latent meaning of love and acceptance in a dissociative society, then they can live an optimistic, fulfilled life. In Carver's "Cathedral", the audience can conclude that the narrator is an individual who lives a monotonous existence, haunted by the looming fear that he is not sufficient enough. This is evident in his marriage. The narrator is devoted to his wife in regard to unconditional love, however, he is blind to her attempts to connect with her psychologically. He is too preoccupied with providing a stable, monotonous environment that acts as a security for him. This reoccurring theme of blindness erects tribulations that cause their dissociative relationship and fuels the insecurities that reside in the latent part of their mind. It can be assumed that this security acts as a defense mechanism against the looming depressive attributions of their marriage. Both are unhappy people, as seen when his wife tries to commit suicide in her first marriage, as seen in the quote "She got to feeling she couldn't go it another step. She went in and swallowed all the pills and capsules in the medici ne chest and washed them down with a bottle of gin But instead of dying, she got sick. She threw up."(33). Likewise, it is also seen when the narrator makes abrupt, rude statements throughout the text, as seen in quote "I'd always thought dark glasses were a must for the blind. Fact was, I wish he had a pair." (36). According to a psychological study, "depressed persons were found to emit a higher percentage of negative messages ended to emit more depressive behaviors, including negative mood expressions, negative statements of well-being, negative self-evaluations, and expressions of helplessness." (Basco et al. 184, 185). This depression plagues the narrator's marriage, leaving both husband and wife blind to each other's wants and needs. Likewise, the theme of blindness is evident when the narrator meets his wife's blind friend Robert. He acts on behavior learned from society, instantly attributing blind stereotypes to this man he has never conversed with until this point. Through his demeaning comments, the audience can observe the narrator's blindness towards Robert as a person psychologically. According to the Affective Forecasting study, it can be concluded that "how one thinks she or he may feel in response to the presence of a rival need not necessarily reflect reality." (DeSteno et al. 627). The narrator can only see Roberts physical flaws, thus rendering him to be uncomfortable around this man and judging his every action and word. This can be seen in the quote "Too much white in the iris, for one thing, and the pupils seemed to move around in the sockets without his knowing it or being able to stop it. Creepy." (36). Likewise, the narrator assumes that because Robert is blind, he cannot please or satisfy any women the way she wants to be. This is seen in his statement "Then I found myself thinking what a pitiful life this woman must have led. Imagine a woman who could never see herself as she was seen in the eyes of her loved one."(34). This demeaning behavior correlates with the narrator's insecurities about his own life. Carver makes it known that the narrator's wife has a flourishing psychological relationship with Robert, one that

Feminism and Modern Friendship

Feminism and Modern Friendship It is argued that feminists have become the major opponents of liberalism. Feminism critics assert that this move exhibit an intrinsic gender prejudice, which emphasizes on the works of Sandel and Macintyre.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Feminism and Modern Friendship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the article Feminism and Modern Friendship: Dislocating the Community, Friedman Marilyn explores these allegations (Weiss Marilyn 108). Marilyn seconded the communitarian position held by Sandel and Maclntyre. Nevertheless, she opposes certain aspects of the approach. In her writings, Marilyn aims to change the communitarian visualization of personality and society in a feminism path. This article seeks to criticize Marilyn from the story Feminism and Modern Friendship: Dislocating the Community. Marilyn argues that communitarian theories pose numerous risks to feminists. As such, they appeal to models of societies emphasizing on families, localities, and nations. According to her, these models have harbored social customs that tend to oppress and the female gender. Through this argument, it is apparent that Marilyn thoughts oppose other feminists’ views. She asserts that communitarians pretense the notion of a self based on communities, families, social groups, and families. According to her, it is wrong for commentaries not to pretense the notion based on sex and gender (Weiss Marilyn 112). In my opinion, her arguments on these notions are wrong. If sex and gender are used, individualism will be enhanced, which opposes communitarian ideologies. Marilyn fails to note that women empowerment, the main goal of feminists, can be attained easily through community and family levels compared with through individual levels.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although Marilynâ€℠¢s’ ambitions on abolishing women empowerment are justified, her approach clashes with communitarians’ theory. In my opinion, there are other ways of achieving these ambitions without the adoption of individualistic approaches. Equally, in the article Marilyn criticizes other feminists’ contributions such as Sandel and Macintyre (Weiss Marilyn 109). These feminists had visualized the actual self according to social attachment identities rather on sex and gender identities. While criticizing these individuals, Marilyn asserts that the omission of sex and gender implies that these individuals wanted to affirm that social attachment such as societies, families, and nationalities contribute to identity rather than sex and gender. Although Sandel and Macintyre failed to classify the self in terms of sex and gender, Marilyn should have acknowledged that communitarians view communal identities as a priority rather than sex and gender prioritize. Marilyn criticizes com munitarian philosophies claiming that they are perilous to feminism (Weiss Marilyn 108). She fails to note that if communitarian philosophies were strengthened, all people would be treated equally regardless of their nationality, age, gender, or sex. Even though some norms and structures in family, community, and national levels oppress women, it does not mean that communitarian philosophies support the vice or are wrong. Marilyn does not recognize that these oppressive norms and structures can be addressed from the communal level rather than from individual levels. In reality, women empowerment gains have been achieved through the effort of communal groups.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Feminism and Modern Friendship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As opposed to Marilyn, I believe that womens empowerment programs are not going to be attained with ease through her approach. Feminists’ goals can be achieve d through communal theory if the communities as a whole agree to abandon gender subordination and gender prejudices. Other than attacking the communal theory, Marilyn should have pointed out areas that need to be amended to improve the theory. In the second part of her article, Marilyn focuses on modern friendship (Weiss Marilyn 113). In the section, she asserts that modern urban friendship developed based on shared interests rather than on communities or families. Urban life has provided shelter to most women who escape from their oppressive societies. Similarly, urban life has provided women with several opportunities enabling them to be financially stable like their male counterparts. In the second part, readers expect, Marilyn to offer feminists an approach to replace the communitarians’ approach criticized in part one. However, in the second part Marilyn does not provide an appropriate approach on how to improve communitarian theories. Similarly, Marilyn failed to note, or is not aware, that in towns some groups exist based on their nationality, communities, and families. Notably, the minority groups in towns consist of members from the particular nationalities or communities. This implies that the social norms and structure that oppress women exist in urban areas. Therefore, to ensure that women empowerment is attained, as advocated by feminists, communal theories should be strengthened.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Equally, Marilyn fails to note that in a rural set up friendship established based on interest. Thus, she should confine her postulations to both urban population and rural population. Based on Nagel’s arguments, Marilyn should attack negative prejudices and oppressive norms against women by overturning silence that help to support them without necessarily denouncing communism (Nagel 125). In this regard, Marilyn should have postulated on how to improve womens rights and personal rights, but should not have confronted communitarian philosophies. It will be better if these criticisms were avoided because they enhance individualism. Nagel asserts that no one should be in control of culture and persistence of private racism, sexism, homophobia, religious, and ethnic bigotry. According to Nagel, failure to do so will provoke liberals to demand constant public affirmation of the opposite values (Nagel 127). To achieve the self-state emphasized by Marilyn, we should empower everyon e in the society, rather than the female gender only. The insistence on securing more rights for a single minority group and neglecting the others raises social stakes unnecessarily. All minority groups including women, the disabled, and minority communities should be empowered. To achieve this we should tackle issues that are concerned with how people should care for one another, how social and economic organizations are to be run, and how to share public resources equally. In general, Marilyn is not contented with liberal philosophy unlike other feminists. She believes that communitarian theories pose numerous risks to feminists. As such, they appeal to models of societies emphasizing on families, localities, and nations. She thinks that independence and rights are vital principles that should be remodeled to benefit all women and end domination and social subordination. From the article, Marilyn supports individualism to some extent. To her, individualism of liberalism cannot be discarded completely in the quest toward being responsible of what social relationships add to personal advancements. Contrary to other feminists believe, Marilyn believes that women individualism is appropriate for several reasons. Therefore, to attain women empowerment goals, as advocated by feminists, it is necessary that communal be strengthened. Equally, we should all try to accommodate one another’s views regardless of their community, nationality, sex, or gender. Through this, an equitable society will be achieved. Nagel, Thomas. Public and Private. Concealment and exposure: and other essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. 117-129. Print. Weiss, Penny A., and Marilyn Friedman. Feminism and Modern Friendship: Dislocating the Community. Feminism and community. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995. 107-115. Print.

Medieval Food Preservation Methods

Medieval Food Preservation Methods For centuries before the medieval period, and for centuries afterward, human beings in all parts of the world used a variety of methods to preserve foods for later consumption. Europeans in the Middle Ages were no exception. A society that was largely agrarian would be keenly aware of the need to store up provisions against the ominous threats of famine, drought, and warfare. The possibility of disaster wasnt the only motive for preserving food. Dried, smoked, pickled, honeyed, and salted foods had their own particular flavors, and many recipes survive detailing how to prepare foods that have been stored with these methods. Preserved foods were also much easier for the sailor, soldier, merchant, or pilgrim to transport. For fruits and vegetables to be enjoyed out of season, they had to be preserved; and in some regions, a particular foodstuff could only be enjoyed in its preserved form, because it didnt grow (or wasnt raised) nearby. Virtually any kind of food could be preserved. How it was done depended on what type of food it was and whether a particular effect was desired. Here are some of the methods of food preservation used in medieval Europe. Drying Foods to Preserve Them Today we understand that moisture allows for the rapid microbiological growth of bacteria, which is present in all fresh foods and which causes them to decay. But it isnt necessary to understand the chemical process involved in order to observe that food that is wet and left in the open will quickly start to smell and attract bugs. So it should come as no surprise that one of the oldest methods of preserving foods known to man is that of drying it. Drying was used to preserve all sorts of foods. Grains like rye and wheat were dried in the sun or air before being stored in a dry place. Fruits were sun-dried in warmer climes and oven-dried in cooler regions. In Scandinavia, where temperatures were known to plunge below freezing in the winter, cod (known as stockfish) were left out to dry in the cold air, usually after they were gutted and their heads were removed. Meat could also be preserved through drying, usually after cutting it into thin strips and lightly salting it. In warmer regions, it was a simple matter to dry meat under the hot summer sun, but in cooler climates, air drying could be done at most times of the year, either outdoors or in shelters that kept away the elements and flies. Preserving Foods With Salt Salting was the most common way to preserve virtually any type of meat or fish, as it drew out the moisture and killed the bacteria. Vegetables might be preserved with dry salt, as well, though pickling was more common. Salt was also used in conjunction with other methods of preservation, such as drying and smoking. One method of salting meat involved pressing dry salt into pieces of meat, then layering the pieces in a container (like a keg) with dry salt completely surrounding each piece. If meat was preserved this way in cold weather, which slowed down the decomposition while the salt had time to take effect, it could last for years. Vegetables were also preserved by layering them in salt and placing them in a sealable container such as an earthenware crock. Another way to preserve food with salt was to soak it in a salt brine. While not as effective a long-term method of preservation as packing in dry salt, it served very well to keep food edible through a season or two. Salt brines were also part of the pickling process. Whatever method of salt preservation was used, the first thing a cook did when he got ready to prepare the salted food for consumption was soaking it in fresh water to remove as much of the salt as possible. Some cooks were more conscientious than others when it came to this step, which could take several trips to the well for fresh water. And it was next to impossible to remove all the salt, no matter how much soaking was done. Many recipes took this saltiness into account, and some were designed specifically to counteract or complement the salt flavor. Still, most of us would find preserved medieval food much saltier than anything were used to today. Smoking Meat and Fish Smoking was another fairly common way to preserve meat, especially fish and pork. Meat would be cut into relatively thin, lean strips, immersed briefly in a salt solution  and hung over a fire to absorb the smoke flavoring as it dried - slowly. Occasionally meat might be smoked without a salt solution, especially if the type of wood burned had a distinctive flavoring of its own. However, salt was still very helpful because it discouraged flies, inhibited the growth of bacteria, and hastened the removal of moisture. Pickling Foods Immersing fresh vegetables and other foods in a liquid solution of salt brine was a fairly common practice in medieval Europe. In fact, although the term pickle didnt come into use in English until the late Middle Ages, the practice of pickling goes back to ancient times. Not only would this method preserve fresh food for months so that it could be eaten out of season, but it could infuse it with strong, piquant flavors. The simplest pickling was done with water, salt and an herb or two, but a variety of spices and herbs as well as the use of vinegar, verjuice or (after the 12th century) lemon led to a range of pickling flavors. Pickling might require boiling the foods in the salt mixture, but it could also be done by simply leaving the food items in an open pot, tub or vat of salt brine with the desired flavorings for hours and sometimes days. Once the food had been thoroughly infused by the pickling solution, it was placed in a jar, crock, or another airtight container, sometimes with a fresh brine but often in the juice in which it had marinated. Confits Although the term confit has come to refer to virtually any food that has been immersed in a substance for preservation (and, today, can sometimes refer to a type of fruit preserve), in the Middle Ages confits were potted meat. Confits were most usually, but not solely, made from fowl or pork (fatty fowl like goose were particularly suitable). To make a confit, the meat was salted and cooked for a very long time in its own fat, then allowed to cool in its own fat. It was then sealed up in its own fat, of course and stored in a cool place, where it could last for months. Confits should not be confused with comfits, which were sugar-coated nuts and seeds eaten at the end of a banquet to freshen the breath and aid the digestion. Sweet Preserves Fruits were often dried, but a far more tasty method of preserving them past their season was to seal them up in honey. Occasionally, they might be boiled in a sugar mixture, but sugar was an expensive import, so only the cooks of the wealthiest families were likely to use it. Honey had been used as a preservative for thousands of years, and it wasnt limited to preserving fruit; meats were also stored in honey on occasion. Fermentation Most methods of preserving food involved stopping or slowing down the process of decay. Fermentation accelerated it. The most common product of fermentation was alcohol wine was fermented from grapes, mead from honey, beer from grain. Wine and mead could keep for months, but beer had to be drunk fairly quickly. Cider was fermented from apples, and the Anglo-Saxons made a drink called perry from fermented pears. Cheese is also a product of fermentation. Cows milk could be used, but the milk from sheep and goats was a more common source for cheese in the Middle Ages. Freezing and Cooling The weather of the greater part of Europe throughout much of the Middle Ages was rather temperate; in fact, there is often some discussion of the medieval warm period overlapping the end of the Early Middle Ages and the beginning of High Medieval Europe (the exact dates depend on who you consult). So freezing was not an obvious method of preserving foods. However, most areas of Europe did see snowy winters, and freezing was at times a viable option, especially in northern regions. In castles and large homes with cellars, an underground room could be used to keep foods packed in winter ice through the cooler spring months and into the summer. In the long, frigid Scandinavian winters, an underground room wasnt necessary. Supplying an ice-room with ice was a labor-intensive and sometimes travel-intensive business, so it was not particularly common; but it wasnt completely unknown, either. More common was the use of underground rooms to keep foods cool, the all-important last step of most of the above preservation methods.

Discuss San Antonio budget 2012 - the Redirect 17 Police Officers to Case Study

Discuss San Antonio budget 2012 - the Redirect 17 Police Officers to Neighborhood Patrol - Case Study Example Other significant city priorities include human services and neighborhood code enforcement. With rigid budgets stretching the San Antonio police force, the city has set aside money to redirect police officers to neighborhood patrol. Crime watch programs, which have been in existence for years, have been boosted by the increased number of law enforcement officers to help fight crime in communities and empower residents. The 17 newly redirected police officers will operate in partnership with the neighborhood patrol, which uses volunteers and other groups of civilians as a second set of eyes and street level resource. The 2012 budget, therefore, provides an opportunity for the residents of the city to achieve both community and individual prosperity by ensuring they are safe and free from harm. The city of San Antonio develops a balanced budget, each year, by covering only those expenditures with revenue for which the city has authority to levy. The efficiencies achieved from this fiscal budget allow the city to invest additional funds in various services meant to address the challenges facing the growing city. This way the city can allocate more funds to services like policing, come the next budgeting year. The funds allocated to city services and priorities in the 2012 budget are primarily supported by $289 million from City Public Service Energy payments, $199 million from local sales tax returns and $239 million from property tax revenue. 23% of the budget is financed by other sources. The main spending area is the police services which is allocated resources that amount to approximately $343 million. The amount includes expenditures such as contractual services, personal services, self insurance, commodities, capital outlay and transfers. Out of the 2,375 uniform positions, 67 are funded by the grant fund while 2,308 by the general fund. The grant fund also finances 12 of the civilian

Ethics in Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics in Research - Essay Example If animals other than man -- what is known to us as the lower form of life -- are defended and fought by animal activists, how much more for the higher form of life! In general, the modern man no longer accepts any type of experiment done to the human race. Lesson from the Experiment In spite of the horrible nature of Zimbardo’s experiment, there are several things that we can get (i.e., as lessons) from such laboratory experiment. Most fundamental to the experiment is the shocking revelation pertaining to truth -- or parcel of truth -- on the nature of man: Is man inherently evil? The participants in the 1971 experiment, especially those who played as jail officers, showed a strange character upon portraying their designated â€Å"role.† Prior to the experiment, these participants -- as University students -- are reasonable and sensible individuals, doing their academic tasks in order to attain an honorable degree. In the course of the experiment, however, good guys be came bad guys. The â€Å"jail officers† exhibited sadistic behavior towards their â€Å"prisoners.† In essence, this is surprising because of their inhumane or, if you may, â€Å"uncivilized† action or reaction against the perplexed prisoners. End and Means To a modern mind, the end does not justify the means.

Why Is English Considered a Global Language?

Why Is English Considered a Global Language? Abstract This project aims to show us why the English known as a global language and why other languages do not have this ability. Also introduce some other languages such as Chinese that can be replaced with English and their capability of being a global one. Key words: english , global , language , capability. Introduction We all are able to communicate freely with one language to people all around the world. A single language would help to reduce misunderstanding and miscommunication. People will need to learn this one world language, whichever that may be, but we will also never forget older languages completely. It means that we can use both of them at same time for the several reasons. We use our mother tongue in our country (home town) and use second language (global language) for communicate with people that don’t know anything about our mother tongue or for some other reason like job, travel, migration and †¦. . Global language A language is called a â€Å"global language† when it achieves the official position and education preference in every nation, that language will finally come to be used by more people than any other language. The essential reason to make a language global or international is the power of its people. The power includes the power of military, politic and economic. Military power, political power and economic power are the three essential factors to make a language global and to keep its status (Culpepper, 1997). What does the global language do? When a new language is introduced to new communities, and a new better life is achieved by the new language, it makes people prefer to use the language than their own language. In turn, the low frequency of using particular language may cause the language to disappear. This was true when English was introduced to academic life (Kaplan, 2000). If the language is no longer the key in communication, it will not live anymore. People will forget it. Many factors cause to the death of the languages that cannot known as global language like War, revolution, economic development or urbanization (Kaplan, 2000). But the development of some areas, like aviation, tourism and banking can be help to be as a global. English English is universal language. It is the worlds second native language, the formal language in 70 countries, and English-speaking countries are accountable for about 40% of worlds total GNP. English can be used everywhere with educated people around the world. It can be used in media, cinema, pop music, TV and †¦for anyone who knows English (Bond, Michael, 1751). From Old and Middle English, English was spoken early in the last one thousand years. Examples of language written at that time, such as the works of Chaucer (mid to late 1300s) are useful in supervising linguistic evolution over the last thousand years. In these works, often spellings will be indistinguishable, but once pronounced phonetically, are understandable to modern English speakers (Sapir, Edward, 1871). Why English is the Most Widely Used Language in the World? 1-Some people may disagree that â€Å"English is the world’s most important language.† It is definitely the world’s most widely used language. It is spoken by a number of people 800,000,000 by a conservative appraise 1,500,000,000 by a liberal appraise. It has official status in over 60 countries. 150 million people use English fluently as a foreign language. English is also the language of international air traffic control, and the principal language of world publishing, science and technology (Crystal 2001). 2- In the postcolonial world, English is often used outside the domestic area, discussions of the links between English and Anglo culture may even seem repulsive. Speakers of English—in Britain, the United States, and elsewhere—discussions of possible links between English and Anglo culture may also seem to be best avoided (Quirk et al. 1985). 3- English is also important in business. 84% of companies want English as a foreign language; only 32% require French (Felberbauer 1996). In the Austrian job market, English is pay heed to as a basic qualification; therefore not knowing English may be a conclusive deficit. In Austrian businesses which operate internationally the internal use of English is not so much a feature as it is in Scandinavia (Dension 1981). According to research conducted by Stockinger, secretaries, for instance, are expected to be able to hold telephone conversations in English while technicians have to be able to read technical literature in English (Stockinger 1995). The Significance of Learning English: English may not be spoken language in the worlds, but it is an official language in a large number of countries. It also very important for whom works in global workforce because English is the language of business in world, so it had become necessary for people to speak English. Another reason for learning English is that many of the worlds top films, music and books are published and produced in English. Therefore by learning English, you will be able to have a great understanding. And also most of the content produced on the internet is in English. So knowing English will allow you access amount of information which may not be otherwise available. Chinese The Chinese language is the oldest language in the world with six thousand years of history. Chinese character inscribing has been found in turtle shells dating back to the Shang dynasty(Reid, Thomas, 1890). Chinese phonetics is very complex, making the learning of the language a far more difficult role than learning English (Simon-Vandenbergen, Anne-Marie, 1937). The written language is a common form of communication. Even though people are not able to orally communicate in different district, they are able to understand each other in writing (Saltman, Michael, 1903). Chinese is already the most widely spoken language in the world, but that is because of the large population of China (Aleksandr, 2001). Chinese is not suspended to pass English as a global language. The Chinese economy is strong enough to raise the cause and popularity of its language, just like the English did. But, it is possible that China economy is a result of its ability to conform to others’ languages and way of work rather than the task of the Chinese language on other countries (Spevack, Marvin 1985). In business, Chinese is the most useful language like English. Transacting business matters using a common language is essential for camaraderie building but also for the speed and effectiveness of your negotiations (Thompson, 1998). France French represents different cultures around the world. It is used on five continents, in more than fifty countries. French is one of the six official languages of the United Nations and the official language of the Olympic Games (Vera. 2004). It provides the base for more than 50% of the modern English vocabulary, which improves presentation on standardized tests. French is supported by over 35 years of research and has been proven to be successful with students of all races, economic status and levels of English expertise (Quinn, Naomi. 2002). The importance of French has economic importance for major economies in the world, For example, French is the official global language of Canada, which performs major trade deals with the US. The knowledge of French for traders to such countries becomes all the more important (Jeremy. 1999). Being the second most taught language after English and having a readership and with the number of its students, French is absolutely the language to know these days. With English, French is the only other international language; being spoken in 5 continents (Steven. 2002).France has not lost its level of development in language. France is still a highly respected country, and still one of the top romantic languages in western civilization. The United Nations communicates have only two languages: French, and English. There are parts of Africa where French is still the native language, along with several islands. Test: I did a test on two groups. Group 1, who decided to learn English as second language Group 2, who decided to learn French as second language. I asked same question from two groups. Here are the questions and answers: Question 1: why are you choosing this language to learn? Group 1 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¨ we choose this language because it is an international language and is more important than other language to learn. Group 2 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¨ because nowadays some other language such as French comes to high level in international position and it may know as global language instead of English. So we try to learn it to be modern and update with worlds language changing. Question 2: How much do you want learn this language? Do you want to learn just for being good at conversation or more than it? Group 1 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¨ No, not just for conversation. We try to use it in our daily life such as reading English books, articles and watching English movies. Looking for medicine news in the internet and †¦ Group 2 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¨ yes actually we learn it to make conversation, greeting and understand what people say. Result à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¨ nowadays we choose language instead of English just because of communicating, making conversation and understanding what other says. But we choose English to learn for several important reasons. As I mentioned before, we use English to being able to surf the internet, read the international book and magazine, being aware of news around the world and †¦ Conclusion We result that it is no surprise that English is becoming the language for international communication. English is the most widely spoken language of the world because of the power the United States in economic and politic. English is the mother tongue of 380 million people, and it is used worldwide by the newspapers, magazines, scientists, businessmen, and politicians. One billion to 1.5 billion people around the world presently speak English. It is the most widely language in 70 countries (J. Draper. 1994).Globalization at the end of the twentieth century is occurring through the media, and technology, thus affecting languages worldwide (Sebesta , 1996). In my idea, languages have fallen and risen with the military and economic growth of a nation. Western culture has a large influence to keep it raise and use these power to impose the word for being as a global language. References STIG HJARVARD (2008). How the Media Contribute to the Spread of English. The Globalization of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. Nguyen Thuy Nga (2008). English A global language. Hanoi University press. Journal of Science, Foreign Languages 24 (2008) 260-266. Woody Allen (1968). Language is acquired, whining is learned. Second language acquisition. Harlow: Pearson. David Crystal (2003). English as a global language. Cambridge: Cambridge university press Zuliati Rohmah (2000). English as a global language. Tierney, J (2009). Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science. The myth of language universals. 32, 429–492 Jean Aitchison (2001).progress or decay? Language change. Bambridge: Cambridge university press (2001).5, 3-20 Danie Spich tinger (2003). The Spread of English and its Appropriation. Wien university press. (2003). Cornelia Hamann (1986). How Language comes universal. Language Acquisition. Journal of Memory and Language 33, 19-38. Pinker, S. Bloom, P. (1990). Natural language and natural selection. Behavioral  And Brain Sciences 13 (4): 707à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 784.